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G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of membrane proteins that play a critical role in cellular signaling. These receptors are characterized by their ability to pass through the cell membrane seven times (hence they are also known as seven-transmembrane receptors). GPCRs respond to a variety of external signals, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and environmental stimuli, and are involved in many physiological processes.

Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification or gene editing, is a biotechnological process that involves the direct manipulation of an organism's genes. This can include altering, removing, or adding specific segments of DNA in an organism's genome to achieve desired traits or characteristics. Genetic engineering is employed across various fields, including agriculture, medicine, and research.

A genetic marker is a specific sequence of DNA that can be used to identify individuals, populations, or species, and indicates the presence of a particular gene or genetic trait. Genetic markers can be found throughout the genome and can vary among individuals, making them useful for various applications in genetics and molecular biology.

Common knowledge refers to information that is widely known and accepted by a large number of people, typically within a certain community or culture. This type of knowledge does not usually require specific citations or sources when used, as it is considered to be generally understood and easily accessible. Examples of common knowledge include: - Historical facts, such as "The Earth revolves around the Sun." - Widely recognized cultural references, such as "Romeo and Juliet is a play by William Shakespeare.

Decolonization of knowledge refers to the process of critically examining, challenging, and transforming the dominant frameworks and narratives that shape knowledge production, dissemination, and intellectual discourse, particularly those rooted in colonial histories and power dynamics. It seeks to address and redress the imbalances and biases in knowledge systems that have often marginalized or erased Indigenous, local, and non-Western perspectives.

An episome is a type of genetic element that can exist as a separate plasmid within a cell or integrate into the host organism's chromosomal DNA. It is a form of a plasmid, which is a small, circular piece of DNA that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA. Episomes are particularly known for their role in certain bacteria, where they can carry genes that confer traits such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to produce virulence factors.

The term **epitranscriptome** refers to the complete set of chemical modifications of RNA molecules present within a cell, tissue, or organism. It encompasses various post-transcriptional modifications that can occur on RNA, similar to how the term **epigenome** relates to modifications on DNA. Key aspects of the epitranscriptome include: 1. **Chemical Modifications**: RNA can undergo several types of modifications, such as methylation (e.g.

Epitranscriptomic sequencing refers to the study of chemical modifications of RNA molecules that go beyond the basic sequence of nucleotides. The term "epitranscriptomics" is derived from "epi," meaning "above" or "on top of," and "transcriptomics," which is the study of RNA transcripts produced by the genome. In addition to the primary genetic information encoded in RNA, various chemical modifications can occur on RNA molecules, such as methylation (e.g.

An expression vector is a plasmid or other vector used to introduce and express a specific gene within a host cell, often for the purpose of producing a protein. These vectors are essential tools in molecular biology and biotechnology. Key features of expression vectors include: 1. **Promoter Region**: This is a sequence that drives the transcription of the gene of interest. Depending on the host organism (bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, etc.), different promoters may be used to ensure optimal expression levels.

The eyespot apparatus, also known as an eyespot or ocular device, is a specialized structure found in certain unicellular organisms, particularly in some protozoans and algae. Its primary function is to detect light, helping the organism navigate towards or away from light sources, a behavior known as phototaxis. In terms of structure, an eyespot apparatus typically consists of a combination of pigment granules and photoreceptive cells.

Ff phages, also known as filamentous phages, are a type of bacteriophage that infects bacteria, particularly those belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. These phages are characterized by their long, thin, filamentous structure, which contrasts with the more commonly known icosahedral or rod-shaped bacteriophages. The most well-studied members of the Ff phage family include Ff, M13, and fd.

Fibrous proteins are a category of proteins characterized by their elongated, thread-like structures. They play crucial roles in providing structural support, strength, and stability to various biological systems. Unlike globular proteins, which tend to be soluble and have complex, three-dimensional shapes, fibrous proteins are usually insoluble in water and have a more straightforward, linear arrangement. Key features of fibrous proteins include: 1. **Structure**: They have repetitive amino acid sequences and typically form long, fibrous chains.

Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a technique used to isolate and purify specific cells, microorganisms, or substances from a heterogeneous mixture using magnetic particles coated with antibodies. This method leverages the specificity of antibodies to bind to target antigens, allowing for the selective separation of the desired entities from a sample. ### Key Components of Immunomagnetic Separation: 1. **Magnetic Particles**: Small beads or particles that are often made of iron oxide or other magnetic materials.

Initiation factors are proteins that play a crucial role in the initiation phase of translation, which is the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins based on the information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA). The initiation phase is the first step in translation, setting the stage for the assembly of the ribosome, the binding of mRNA, and the recruitment of transfer RNA (tRNA) carrying amino acids.

An epistemic community is a network of individuals or organizations that share a common set of beliefs, values, knowledge, and expertise in a particular area, often related to a specific policy issue or field of study. These communities are typically composed of experts, researchers, and professionals who possess specialized knowledge and who collaborate to influence policy and decision-making processes within that domain.

Epistemic democracy is a theoretical framework in political philosophy that emphasizes the importance of knowledge and expertise in democratic decision-making processes. The core idea is that the legitimacy and effectiveness of democratic governance can be enhanced when decisions are informed by accurate information, rational deliberation, and relevant expertise. Key components of epistemic democracy include: 1. **Knowledge Requirement**: Proponents argue that democratic decisions should be based on well-informed judgments.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, I do not have specific information regarding a company called "Gartons Limited." It is possible that it is a smaller or less widely-known company that operates in a particular industry, or it may have emerged after my last update.

Gaseous signaling molecules are small, diffusible molecules that can easily cross cellular membranes and play a crucial role in various biological processes. These molecules typically exist in a gaseous state at physiological temperatures and pressures and can function as signaling messengers in a variety of physiological and pathological contexts.

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and charge. The basic process involves the following key components and steps: 1. **Gel Matrix**: A gel, commonly made from agarose or polyacrylamide, serves as a medium through which the molecules will travel. The pore size of the gel can be adjusted by varying its concentration, allowing for separation of different sizes of molecules.

Gel electrophoresis of proteins is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze proteins based on their size, charge, and other physical properties. It involves the movement of charged molecules through a gel matrix under the influence of an electric field. Here are the key components and steps involved in the process: ### Key Components: 1. **Gel Matrix**: Typically made from agarose or polyacrylamide, the gel serves as a medium through which proteins can migrate.