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Shape-memory materials are special types of materials that have the ability to return to a predetermined shape when subjected to an external stimulus, such as heat or stress. These materials usually undergo a phase transformation that allows them to "remember" their original configuration. ### Types of Shape-Memory Materials: 1. **Shape-Memory Alloys (SMAs):** - These are metallic alloys, such as nickel-titanium (NiTi), that exhibit shape-memory properties.

DNA supercoiling refers to the coiling of the DNA double helix upon itself, which results in a higher-order structure beyond the standard helical form. This phenomenon occurs because DNA is a long molecule and needs to be compactly organized within cells, especially in prokaryotes, where the DNA often exists as a circular chromosome.

DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHS) are regions of DNA that are particularly susceptible to cleavage by the enzyme DNase I. This sensitivity indicates that these regions are relatively open and accessible, typically because they are not tightly packed by nucleosomes or other DNA-binding proteins. DHS are often found near active genes, regulatory elements, and other sequences that are involved in gene expression.

DPVweb is an online tool used for the management and validation of data privacy and compliance with regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It is designed to assist organizations in mapping their data processing activities, assessing risks, and managing data protection impact assessments (DPIAs). DPVweb is built on the Data Privacy Vocabulary (DPV), which provides a structured way to describe and communicate data privacy concepts, terms, and relationships.

Digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR or dPCR) is an advanced molecular biology technique used to quantify nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) with high precision and sensitivity. It is a refinement of the traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), focusing on providing absolute quantification without the need for reference standards or calibration curves.

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are a class of medications primarily used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) and, in some cases, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The development of these inhibitors is a notable story in the field of pharmacology and drug discovery. ### Discovery 1.

Disease gene identification is a process used to discover specific genes that are associated with particular diseases or health conditions. This process is important for understanding the genetic basis of diseases, which can lead to better diagnosis, prevention, and treatment options. The identification of disease-related genes can involve several methodologies, including: 1. **Genetic Association Studies**: Researchers look for statistical associations between genetic variants (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs) and specific diseases within large populations.

Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) are a class of genetic elements that have the ability to introduce variability into the genetic sequences of their host organisms. They are primarily found in certain bacteria and archaea and are characterized by their unique mechanism of generating diversity. The key features of DGRs include: 1. **Mechanism of Variation**: DGRs utilize a process involving reverse transcription to create diversity.

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses are a group of viruses that have a genome composed of double-stranded RNA rather than the more common single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). These viruses can infect a variety of hosts, including animals, plants, and fungi. Here are some key characteristics and information about dsRNA viruses: 1. **Structure**: The genome of dsRNA viruses usually consists of one or more segments of double-stranded RNA.

Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are a group of proteins that play essential roles in the initiation phase of protein synthesis (translation) in eukaryotic cells. These factors are involved in various steps of the initiation process, which includes the assembly of the ribosome on the messenger RNA (mRNA), the recruitment of the initiator transfer RNA (tRNA), and the proper positioning of the ribosomal subunits.

Eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) is a crucial protein complex involved in the initiation of translation in eukaryotic cells. It plays a significant role in the process by which ribosomes are recruited to mRNA, facilitating the translation of the genetic code into proteins.

Temperature-responsive polymers, also known as thermoresponsive or thermosensitive polymers, are a class of smart materials that undergo significant changes in their physical or chemical properties in response to temperature variations. These polymers can alter their solubility, shape, or mechanical properties when exposed to different temperatures, making them useful for various applications in fields such as biomedical engineering, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and responsive coatings.

Diffusion is a physical process that describes the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This movement occurs due to the random thermal motion of particles and continues until equilibrium is reached, meaning that the concentration of particles is uniform throughout a given space. Diffusion can occur in various states of matter, including gases, liquids, and solids.

EMBO Membership refers to the membership of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), which is an organization that supports the research community in the field of molecular biology and related disciplines. Founded in 1964, EMBO aims to promote collaboration and sharing of knowledge among scientists in Europe and globally. EMBO Membership is granted to outstanding researchers in the field who have made significant contributions to molecular biology.

The Eadie–Hofstee diagram is a graphical representation used in biochemistry and enzymology to analyze enzyme kinetics, particularly to determine parameters such as the maximum reaction rate (V_max) and the Michaelis constant (K_m) of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The Eadie–Hofstee plot is derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation, which describes the rate of enzymatic reactions as a function of substrate concentration.

EcoRI is a restriction enzyme, specifically a type II restriction endonuclease, that is widely used in molecular biology. It is derived from the bacterium *Escherichia coli* (hence the name "Eco") and was first identified in the 1970s. EcoRI recognizes and cuts DNA at a specific sequence of six nucleotides: GAATTC.

EcoRV is a type of restriction enzyme, specifically a restriction endonuclease that is derived from the bacterium *Escherichia coli* (E. coli) strain RY13. It recognizes a specific DNA sequence and cleaves the double-stranded DNA at unique sites within that sequence. The recognition sequence for EcoRV is 5'–GAT^ATC–3', where the caret (^) indicates the position where the enzyme cuts the DNA.

The Effective Number of Codons (Nc) is a measure used in molecular biology and bioinformatics to quantify the degree of codon usage bias in a set of genes or a genome. It reflects how efficiently a set of codons is used in coding for amino acids in proteins, taking into account the redundancy of the genetic code. Each amino acid is coded by one or more codons (with some amino acids being represented by multiple synonymous codons).

Electro-switchable biosurfaces are specialized surfaces whose properties can be dynamically altered through the application of an electric field. These surfaces often incorporate materials or coatings that can respond to electrical stimuli, leading to changes in their chemical or physical characteristics, such as wettability, adhesion, or biocompatibility. ### Key Features: 1. **Dynamic Modulation**: By applying or changing voltage, the surface properties can be switched on and off, or altered in a controlled manner.

A "GC box" can refer to a variety of things depending on the context, but it commonly relates to: 1. **Garbage Collection Box (GC Box):** In some programming and software development contexts, it could refer to a "Garbage Collection" mechanism where the box metaphorically represents a designated area for managing memory allocation and deallocation. This is used in systems where memory management is handled automatically to dispose of objects that are no longer in use.