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Robert W. Rosenthal is an American psychologist renowned for his contributions to social psychology, particularly in the areas of expectancy effects and experimental psychology. He is most famous for his work on the "Rosenthal effect," also known as the "Pygmalion effect," which describes how higher expectations from teachers can lead to improved performance in students. Rosenthal's research has examined the interplay of expectation, communication, and behavioral outcomes in various contexts, including education and interpersonal relationships.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there is no widely recognized individual or concept named Yair Tauman. It’s possible that Yair Tauman could be a private individual or a name that has gained prominence after that date.

Ron McClamrock is an American philosopher known for his work in the fields of philosophy of mind, epistemology, and philosophy of language. He has published various papers and articles exploring topics related to consciousness, belief, and the nature of knowledge.

Rosalind Hursthouse is a prominent philosopher known for her work in the field of environmental ethics and virtue ethics. She has contributed significantly to the understanding of how virtues and moral reasoning relate to issues concerning the environment and animal rights. Hursthouse is particularly recognized for integrating Aristotelian ethics with contemporary ethical discussions, focusing on how virtue can inform our responsibilities towards nature and non-human animals.

Rush Rhees is primarily known as a significant figure in the field of philosophy and is particularly associated with the philosophy of language and the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein. He was a student and close associate of Wittgenstein and made contributions to both the interpretation of Wittgenstein's ideas and to the philosophy of action and ethics.

Russ Shafer-Landau is an American philosopher known for his work in ethical theory, metaethics, and moral philosophy. He is a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and has published extensively on topics such as moral realism, moral responsibility, and the nature of ethical reasoning. One of his notable contributions is his defense of moral realism, the view that moral facts exist independently of our beliefs or perceptions.

Ruth Millikan is an influential American philosopher known for her work in the philosophy of biology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of language. Born in 1933, she is best known for her contributions to the understanding of natural language and meaning through a scientific lens, particularly through her theory of biosemantics.

Ruwen Ogien was a French philosopher known for his work in ethics, moral philosophy, and social theory. He was particularly interested in issues related to moral relativism, the nature of human happiness, and the ethics of everyday life. Ogien contributed to various areas of philosophical thought, often exploring contemporary moral dilemmas and the implications of ethical theories in practical situations. His engaging style made his ideas accessible to a broader audience, and he was actively involved in philosophical discussions beyond academic circles.

Sam Harris is an American author, philosopher, neuroscientist, and podcast host known for his writings and discussions on topics such as religion, morality, free will, and the nature of consciousness. He is one of the prominent figures in the "New Atheism" movement, which critiques organized religion and advocates for a secular worldview.

Suzanne Scotchmer (1948–2014) was an influential American economist recognized primarily for her contributions to the fields of public economics and intellectual property. She was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she made significant contributions to the understanding of innovation, knowledge creation, and patent policy. Scotchmer's work often explored the intersection of economics and intellectual property, analyzing how different systems of protection for innovation affect economic growth and the dissemination of knowledge.

In topology, the **disjoint union** (also known as the coproduct in the category of topological spaces) is a way to construct a new topological space from a collection of topological spaces such that the new space captures the "disjointness" of the original spaces.

Seth Lazar is a philosopher known for his work in moral philosophy, particularly in areas such as ethics, political philosophy, and the ethics of war. He has contributed to discussions on topics like the moral implications of combat, the ethics of killing in war, and duty-based ethics. Lazar has also published various papers and articles exploring these themes and is associated with academic institutions where he teaches and conducts research.

Stanley Cavell (1926-2018) was an influential American philosopher, recognized for his work in various areas, including philosophy of language, aesthetics, and film theory. He is particularly associated with ordinary language philosophy, a movement that emphasized the significance of everyday language in understanding philosophical problems. Cavell’s work often explored the intersections of philosophy with literature, film, and cultural criticism.

Stephan Körner may refer to different individuals depending on the context. However, in a philosophical context, he is known as a German philosopher and scholar who contributed to various fields of philosophy, including epistemology, ethics, and philosophical logic.

Terence Parsons is a prominent philosopher and logician known for his work in the fields of philosophy of language, formal semantics, and modal logic. He has made significant contributions to the understanding of quantification, reference, and the interplay between logic and natural language. Parsons is also known for his writings on the philosophy of mathematics and has explored issues related to the foundations of mathematics and the nature of mathematical truth.

Alfred Benninghoven is a notable German chemist, best known for his contributions to the field of polymer chemistry and the development of the concept of "benzoquinone methides." His work has had implications in various areas, including organic chemistry and materials science.

Stephen Yablo is a prominent philosopher, known primarily for his work in philosophy of language, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind. He is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and has made significant contributions to various areas of philosophy, including issues related to reference, modality, and the nature of objects.

Dialectica can refer to different concepts depending on the context in which it's used, but it primarily relates to a few key ideas: 1. **Philosophical Dialectic**: In philosophy, dialectic is a method of argument or discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject, who wish to establish the truth through reasoned argumentation.

"Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting" is a philosophical book written by Daniel C. Dennett, published in 1984. In this work, Dennett explores the concept of free will and its implications, addressing common philosophical concerns regarding determinism and moral responsibility. Dennett argues that the traditional dichotomy between free will and determinism is too simplistic. He proposes that a more nuanced understanding of free will can coexist with a deterministic view of the universe.