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The study of mathematicians can be categorized by their countries of origin or the nations they were associated with during their careers. Here’s a brief overview of some notable mathematicians by former country: ### Ancient Greece - **Euclid**: Often referred to as the "father of geometry." - **Pythagoras**: Known for the Pythagorean theorem. - **Archimedes**: Made significant contributions to geometry, calculus, and the understanding of physical laws.

Mathematicians can be categorized by their nationality and the century in which they made significant contributions to the field. Here’s an overview of notable mathematicians organized by nationality and century: ### Ancient Times - **Greek**: - Euclid (c. 300 BC) - Archimedes (c. 287–212 BC) - Pythagoras (c.

Austria-Hungary, a Central European empire that existed from 1867 to 1918, was home to many influential mathematicians and scientists. Some prominent mathematicians associated with this region include: 1. **Georg Cantor (1845-1918)** - Born in Russia, Cantor spent much of his life in Germany but was part of the broader Austro-Hungarian cultural sphere.

Georgia, a country located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, has a rich history of contributions to mathematics and science. Here are a few notable mathematicians from Georgia: 1. **Andrey Kolmogorov** (1903–1987) - Although he was born in Russia, Kolmogorov had connections to Georgian mathematical circles. He is known for his foundational work in probability theory and turbulence.

The term "Mathematicians from the German Empire" refers to mathematicians who were active during the period of the German Empire, which existed from 1871 to 1918. This era was marked by significant advancements in mathematics, and many influential mathematicians contributed to various fields during this time.

Mathematicians from the Holy Roman Empire made significant contributions to various fields of mathematics, science, and philosophy during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The Holy Roman Empire, which existed from around 800 until 1806, encompassed a large part of Central Europe, including modern-day Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and parts of Italy and France. Here are some notable mathematicians and scholars associated with this region: 1. **Michael Stifel (c.

The term "Mathematicians from the Kingdom of Bavaria" typically refers to notable mathematicians who were born, lived, or worked in Bavaria, a region in Germany that was once a kingdom. Bavaria has been home to many influential mathematicians throughout history. Some prominent mathematicians associated with Bavaria include: 1. **Adam Ries (1492–1559)** - A mathematician known for his work in arithmetic and for popularizing the use of Arabic numerals in Europe.

Mathematicians from the Kingdom of Prussia played a significant role in the development of mathematics during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Kingdom of Prussia, which existed from the late medieval period until the early 20th century, was a center of academic and intellectual activity in Europe. Several notable mathematicians from this region made substantial contributions to various branches of mathematics, science, and engineering.

The Republic of Geneva, which existed from the 16th century until 1798 and was a significant center for the Protestant Reformation, has been home to several notable mathematicians and scholars. One of the most prominent figures associated with Geneva is **Jean Calvin**, who, although primarily known as a theologian, influenced education and intellectual thought in the region.

Mexican mathematicians refer to individuals from Mexico who have made significant contributions to the field of mathematics. Throughout history, Mexico has produced numerous notable mathematicians who have excelled in various areas, including pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics, and mathematics education. Some prominent Mexican mathematicians include: 1. **José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi** - Known for contributions to mathematics education and for his role in promoting mathematical thinking in Mexico.

"Moldovan mathematicians" generally refers to mathematicians from Moldova, a country in Eastern Europe. While the nation may be small, it has produced a number of notable mathematicians who have contributed to various fields of mathematics. The country has a history of engagement in mathematics education and research, especially during the Soviet era when many Moldovan mathematicians were active in academia and participated in international mathematical communities.

Mongolian mathematicians have made significant contributions to various fields of mathematics, often grounded in the rich cultural and historical context of Mongolia. Although Mongolia may not be as widely recognized for its contributions to mathematics as some other countries, there are notable figures and developments worth mentioning. 1. **Historical Contributions**: In the past, during the time of the Mongol Empire (13th-14th centuries), there was an exchange of knowledge among different cultures, including mathematics and astronomy.

The term "Moroccan mathematicians" refers to individuals from Morocco who have made significant contributions to the field of mathematics. Morocco has a rich history of education and scholarship, and its mathematicians have played important roles in various areas of mathematics, such as algebra, geometry, and number theory, as well as in applied fields like engineering and computer science.

Namibian mathematicians are individuals from Namibia or those who have worked in or contributed to the field of mathematics in the country. Namibia, located in southern Africa, has seen various contributions to mathematics, both in education and research. The country has institutions that promote mathematical sciences, and there are ongoing efforts to enhance mathematics education at various levels. Notable Namibian mathematicians may be involved in areas such as pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics, or mathematical education.

Nepal has a rich mathematical history, although it may not be as widely recognized as that of other countries. Nepalese mathematicians have contributed to various fields, including arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy, especially in the context of ancient texts and practices.

New Zealand has a rich history of contributions to mathematics and is home to several notable mathematicians. Some prominent New Zealand mathematicians include: 1. **A. W. (Alex) W. Pycroft** - Known for his work in combinatorial geometry and mathematics education. 2. **Marilyn Anne S. Hawkes** - Noted for her research in algebra and group theory.

Nigerian mathematicians have made significant contributions to various fields of mathematics, both in academic research and applied mathematics. The country has a rich tradition in mathematics, influenced by a strong educational system and active participation in mathematical societies. Some notable Nigerian mathematicians include: 1. **Chike Obi** - Known for his work in differential equations and mathematical modeling, he was one of the first Nigerians to attain a doctorate in mathematics.

Norwegian mathematicians refer to mathematicians from Norway or those who have significantly contributed to the field of mathematics while being associated with Norway. Historically, Norway has produced notable mathematicians who have made important contributions across various areas of mathematics. Some renowned Norwegian mathematicians include: 1. **Niels Henrik Abel** (1802-1829) - Famous for his work in algebra and the theory of equations.

Pakistani mathematicians are scholars and researchers from Pakistan who contribute to the field of mathematics. Pakistan has produced several notable mathematicians who have made significant contributions to various areas of mathematics, including pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics, and mathematical education. Some prominent Pakistani mathematicians include: 1. **Abdul Salam**: Although primarily known as a physicist, he made contributions to mathematical physics and was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979. 2. **M.

The term "Palestinian mathematicians" refers to mathematicians of Palestinian descent or those who work or study in Palestine. This group includes a number of individuals who have made significant contributions to various fields of mathematics, including pure mathematics, applied mathematics, and mathematical education. Palestinian mathematicians often work in universities and research institutions in the region and abroad, and their work can cover a wide range of topics.