The BTeV (B-meson Physics at the Tevatron) experiment was a proposed high-energy physics experiment designed to study B mesons, which are particles containing bottom quarks. The goal of BTeV was to investigate various aspects of B meson physics, including CP violation, the production and decay properties of B mesons, and further understanding of the Standard Model of particle physics, particularly in the context of explaining the observed dominance of matter over antimatter in the universe.
The Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II (BEPC II) is a high-energy particle collider located in Beijing, China. It is an upgrade of the original Beijing Electron–Positron Collider (BEPC), which began operation in the 1980s. BEPC II was commissioned in 2008 and is designed to primarily study electron-positron collisions, providing insights into various areas of particle physics, including particle interactions and the properties of heavy quarks.
The Bevatron was a particle accelerator located at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in Berkeley, California. It was operational from 1954 until 1993 and was notable for being one of the first large-scale proton synchrotrons, designed primarily for high-energy physics research. The Bevatron was capable of accelerating protons to energies up to 6.
Borexino is an underground neutrino observatory located at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy. It is designed primarily to detect low-energy neutrinos, which are nearly massless and electrically neutral particles. The primary goal of the Borexino experiment is to study solar neutrinos produced by nuclear reactions taking place in the sun, thereby providing insights into solar processes, fundamental physics, and the properties of neutrinos.
The CDHS experiment, which stands for CERN-Dortmund-Heidelberg-Saarbrücken experiment, was a particle physics experiment that took place in the 1980s at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research). The primary goal of the CDHS experiment was to investigate the properties of neutrinos, particularly focusing on interactions of neutrinos with matter and exploring the structure of the proton through deep inelastic scattering.
The COMPASS experiment (COmmon Muon and Proton Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy) is a particle physics experiment located at the CERN facility in Switzerland. It aims to study the structure of hadrons—specifically, protons and other mesons—using high-energy muon beams.
The CPLEAR (Charged Pion LEptonic Asymmetry from Resonance production) experiment was conducted at the CERN facility and was designed to explore aspects of fundamental particle physics, particularly focusing on CP (Charge Parity) violation in the decay of neutral kaons (K mesons). The main objective of the CPLEAR experiment was to test the nature of CP violation in particle physics, which is a critical aspect in understanding the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe.
CUORE, or the Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events, is an experimental facility designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) in certain isotopes, such as tellurium-130 (Te-130). This decay process, if observed, would provide significant insight into the nature of neutrinos and could have implications for our understanding of particle physics, particularly regarding the mass of neutrinos and the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe.
The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) is a proposed particle accelerator designed to explore the properties of the Higgs boson and to conduct precision measurements of the Standard Model of particle physics. It is envisaged to be a circular collider that accelerates electrons and positrons, which are the antiparticles of electrons, to high energies.
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the two general-purpose detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, located near Geneva, Switzerland. It is designed to investigate a wide range of physics phenomena by detecting and analyzing the particles produced in high-energy proton-proton collisions. Key features of CMS include: 1. **Design and Structure**: The CMS detector is known for its compact design, despite its massive size.
The Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment, conducted in the 1950s by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines, was pivotal in the detection of neutrinos, a fundamental particle in particle physics. This experiment was the first to provide experimental evidence for the existence of neutrinos, which were proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 as a solution to the apparent loss of energy in beta decay processes.
Crystal Ball is a type of particle detector used in high-energy physics experiments to measure the energy and momentum of charged and neutral particles. It is particularly known for its use in experiments studying electromagnetic interactions, such as the production of photons, and was originally developed for use at particle colliders. The key features of the Crystal Ball detector include: 1. **Design**: The detector typically consists of an array of scintillator crystals or lead glass, arranged in a spherical or quasi-spherical configuration.
DAFNE stands for "Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating." It is a structured education program designed for individuals with type 1 diabetes. The program focuses on helping participants manage their diabetes through a more flexible and informed approach to insulin dosing, particularly in relation to carbohydrate intake. DAFNE emphasizes the understanding of carbohydrate counting, insulin adjustment, and lifestyle choices, allowing people with diabetes to enjoy a wider variety of foods while maintaining good blood glucose control.
The DELPHI (DEtector with Lepton, Photon and Hadron Identification) experiment was one of the major particle physics experiments at the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN, which operated from 1989 to 2000. The LEP accelerator provided high-energy electron-positron collisions, allowing physicists to study a variety of processes and phenomena related to the Standard Model of particle physics.
The DUMAND Project, which stands for Deep Underground Muon and Neutrino Detection, was an ambitious scientific endeavor aimed at detecting neutrinos and studying their properties. The project was designed to deploy a large detector deep underwater in the Pacific Ocean, specifically near the Hawaiian Islands. The primary goal of the DUMAND Project was to explore high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, which originate from cosmic sources such as supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and other energetic phenomena in the universe.
Détecteur à Grande Acceptance pour la Physique Photonucléaire Expérimentale, often abbreviated as DGA, translates to "Large Acceptance Detector for Experimental Photoneuclear Physics." This type of detector is typically used in nuclear and particle physics research to study reactions involving photons and nuclei. In photoneuclear physics, researchers investigate how photons (light particles) interact with atomic nuclei, which can lead to various reactions, such as the emission of neutrons or protons from the nucleus.
The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) is a scientific experiment designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, a rare nuclear process that, if observed, would provide important insights into the nature of neutrinos and help address fundamental questions in particle physics and cosmology. The primary goal of EXO is to study the properties of neutrinos, particularly their mass and whether they are their own antiparticles. EXO utilizes a large volume of liquid xenon as the detection medium.
Eurisol is a project aimed at advancing the study and utilization of radioactive ion beams (RIBs) for research in nuclear physics, astrophysics, and related fields. The project focused on developing a facility that could produce a wide variety of radioactive isotopes, which could then be used for various experiments to better understand nuclear structure and reactions.
The European Muon Collaboration (EMC) was a collaboration of particle physicists that conducted experiments at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, particularly focused on deep inelastic scattering of muons on nuclear targets. The collaboration was active primarily during the 1980s and played a significant role in advancing the understanding of the structure of nucleons and the behavior of quarks within protons and neutrons.
FASER, which stands for ForwArd Search ExpeRiment, is a particle physics experiment at CERN designed to search for new physics beyond the Standard Model, particularly in the context of weakly interacting particles. It is located at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) facility, situated just downstream of the LHC's collision point.