A Large Volume Detector (LVD) typically refers to a type of particle detector used in experimental physics, particularly in the field of neutrino and astrophysical research. These detectors are designed to observe rare events that occur in large volumes of sensitive material, often using techniques sensitive to low-energy particles. LVDs can be constructed using various detection technologies, such as liquid or solid scintillators, water Cherenkov detectors, or other forms of materials that can record the interactions of particles.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is home to several major experiments designed to explore fundamental questions in particle physics. Here is a list of the primary experiments conducted at the LHC: 1. **ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS)**: A general-purpose detector designed to explore a wide range of physics topics, including the search for the Higgs boson, supersymmetry, and the properties of fundamental particles.
The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) is a particle accelerator located at CERN, which serves as an injector for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and has also been used for various experiments in high-energy physics. Over the years, numerous experiments have utilized the SPS for a range of research in particle physics, including studies of hadron interactions, neutrino physics, and the investigation of new particles.
The Mark I detector, also known as the Mark I at the Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory, was one of the first particle detectors designed for use in high-energy physics experiments. It was primarily used in the 1970s and played a significant role in experimental particle physics during its operational period.
The MilliQan (Millimeter-wave Quantum sensor for ANties) Experiment is a scientific project designed to search for evidence of dark matter, particularly in the form of light dark matter particles. Dark matter is a form of matter that does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible to traditional telescopes and detectors. It is thought to make up a significant portion of the universe's mass-energy content.
The Mississippi State Axion Search (MSAX) is a scientific initiative focused on the search for axions, which are hypothetical elementary particles proposed as a solution to several theoretical problems in particle physics, particularly in the context of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and dark matter. Axions are predicted to be extremely light, electrically neutral, and have very weak interactions with normal matter, making them challenging to detect.
The MoEDAL (Monopole and Exotics Detector at the LHC) experiment is a particle physics experiment located at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Its primary objective is to search for magnetic monopoles and other exotic particles that are not predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics. Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles that carry a net "magnetic charge," unlike standard magnets, which always have both a north and a south pole.
The Modular Neutron Array (MoNA) is a detector system designed for the study of neutron-rich nuclei and their decay processes, particularly in nuclear physics research. It is often used in conjunction with other experimental setups, such as the Fragment Mass Analyzer (FMA) or other particle accelerators. MoNA is composed of modular units of detectors that are arranged in such a way to provide high efficiency for detecting neutrons emitted from various nuclear reactions.
"Monopole" in the context of astrophysics and physics refers to hypothetical particles or magnetic monopoles, which are entities that possess a net magnetic charge either of the north or south pole independently. In classical electromagnetism, magnetic fields are generated by dipoles (having both a north and south pole), and there has been theoretical interest in whether monopoles could exist. In cosmology and high-energy physics, magnetic monopoles are considered in various grand unified theories and models of the early universe.
Mu3e is a particle physics experiment designed to search for rare decays of muons, specifically the decay of a muon into three electrons (or positrons). This decay channel is of particular interest because it occurs through processes that are not predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics, which only allows for muons to decay into an electron and two neutrinos.
In the context of particle physics, "Mu to E Gamma" typically refers to the process of muon decay, specifically the decay of a muon (μ) into an electron (e) and a gamma photon (γ). More formally, this can be expressed in the decay process notation: \[ \mu^- \rightarrow e^- + \gamma \] However, it's important to note that this specific decay mode is not the most common.
The NA31 experiment was a particle physics experiment conducted at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Its primary goal was to study the properties of neutral kaons (K0 mesons) and, in particular, to investigate the phenomenon of CP violation, which refers to the violation of the combined symmetry of charge conjugation (C) and parity (P).
The NA32 experiment, conducted at CERN in the late 1980s, was designed to study the properties of particles produced in high-energy collisions involving accelerated protons and other particles. Specifically, this experiment focused on the production of heavy mesons, such as the D and B mesons, and was significant for enhancing our understanding of the Strong Force, part of the Standard Model of particle physics that describes how quarks and gluons interact.
The NA35 experiment was a collaborative research effort conducted at the CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) facilities in the 1980s. It aimed to study heavy-ion collisions, particularly those involving light ions such as protons and light nuclei, in order to investigate the properties of nuclear matter under extreme conditions.
The NA48 experiment was an important experimental effort in particle physics conducted at the CERN laboratory in Switzerland. It ran from the late 1990s to the early 2000s, with its main focus on studying the properties of neutral kaons, particularly in the context of CP violation. CP violation refers to the difference in the behavior of matter and antimatter, which is a crucial aspect of understanding the asymmetry in the universe.
The NA49 experiment was a large-scale experiment conducted at the CERN SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron) accelerator, focusing on the study of the properties of heavy-ion collisions, particularly in the context of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The collaboration aimed to investigate the behavior of nuclear matter at high temperatures and densities, conditions believed to be similar to those present in the early universe just microseconds after the Big Bang.
The NA60 experiment is a particle physics experiment conducted at the CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) facility, specifically at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) accelerator.
The NA61/SHINE (SPS Heavy Ion and Neutrino Experiment) experiment is a research project conducted at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) using the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) accelerator. The NA61 detector is designed to study a range of physics topics, primarily focusing on the properties of hadronic interactions, cosmic ray physics, and the study of the first stages of heavy-ion collisions.
The NA62 experiment is a high-energy particle physics experiment located at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) that aims to measure the rare decay of a charged kaon (K+) into a pion (π) and a neutrino-antineutrino pair (K+ → π+ νν̄). This decay is of significant interest because it is sensitive to new physics beyond the Standard Model, particularly in relation to processes involving very light particles and potential contributions from heavy particles.
The NA63 experiment is a physics experiment that focuses on the study of the electromagnetic properties of materials, specifically looking at the interaction of high-energy particles with electromagnetic fields. It is part of a series of experiments conducted at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. The main objective of the NA63 experiment is to explore the behavior of particles, such as muons or other charged particles, in the presence of strong electric and magnetic fields.