Atoms

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter and the fundamental units of chemical elements. They consist of three main types of subatomic particles: 1. **Protons**: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus (the central part) of the atom. 2. **Neutrons**: Neutral particles (no charge) that also reside in the nucleus alongside protons. 3. **Electrons**: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in energy levels or shells.

The atomic radius is defined as the distance from the nucleus of an atom to the outer boundary of its electron cloud, where the probability of finding an electron is significant. It is a measure of the size of an atom and can vary depending on the atom's environment and bonding with other atoms.

Chemical elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through chemical reactions. Each element is defined by the number of protons in its atomic nucleus, which is known as the atomic number. For example, hydrogen has one proton and an atomic number of 1, while carbon has six protons and an atomic number of 6. Elements are the basic building blocks of matter and form the foundation for all chemical compounds.

Exotic atoms are a class of atomic systems that differ from ordinary atoms in that they contain at least one particle that is not typically found in standard atomic structure. In most atoms, protons, neutrons, and electrons are the building blocks. However, in exotic atoms, one or more of these particles are replaced or modified by other types of particles.

Subatomic particles are the fundamental building blocks of matter that are smaller than an atom. They include various types of particles, each with its own properties and roles in the structure of matter. The main categories of subatomic particles are: 1. **Protons**: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons determines the atomic number and the identity of the element.

A 1s Slater-type function is a mathematical function used in quantum chemistry and atomic physics to describe the spatial distribution of electrons in an atom, particularly for the innermost shell of electrons (the 1s orbital). Slater-type orbitals (STOs) are defined by their exponential decay and can be used to effectively approximate the wavefunctions of electrons.

Atom can refer to several different concepts depending on the context: 1. **Science/Chemistry**: In the scientific context, an atom is the basic unit of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms consist of a nucleus made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of electrons. Different combinations of atoms form molecules, which make up all substances. 2. **Text Editor**: Atom is also a popular open-source text and source code editor developed by GitHub.

Atomic mass, also known as atomic weight, is the weighted average mass of an atom of an element, measured in atomic mass units (amu). It reflects the mass of an atom relative to the mass of carbon-12, which is assigned a value of exactly 12 amu. Atomic mass takes into account the relative abundances of the different isotopes of an element in nature and their respective masses.

The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region at the center of an atom that contains most of the atom's mass. It is composed of two types of subatomic particles: protons and neutrons. - **Protons** are positively charged particles, and their number determines the atomic number of an element, which defines the element itself (e.g., hydrogen has one proton, while carbon has six). - **Neutrons** are neutral particles, meaning they have no charge.

BASIC Atom refers to a simplified or compact version of the BASIC programming language, which stands for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. BASIC was created in the 1960s to provide an easy introduction for beginners to computer programming.

Electron configurations describe the distribution of electrons among the various atomic orbitals of an atom. Each electron configuration follows a prescribed order based on the Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and the Pauli exclusion principle. Here is a list of the electron configurations for elements from hydrogen (atomic number 1) up to a selection of some higher atomic numbers: 1. **Hydrogen (H)**: 1s¹ 2. **Helium (He)**: 1s² 3.

Hollow atoms are a concept in atomic physics that refers to atoms that have had one or more of their inner electrons removed, creating a sort of "hollow" structure. This can happen in highly ionized states, where electrons from the inner shells are ejected, leaving behind only outer electrons. The properties of hollow atoms can be quite interesting because the absence of inner electrons influences the atom's electron distribution, energy levels, and interactions with other particles.

A hydrogen-like atom is an atom that has only one electron, similar to a hydrogen atom. The term is typically used to refer to systems that have a nucleus with a positive charge and a single electron orbiting around it. Although hydrogen is the simplest example with one proton (atomic number 1) in the nucleus, hydrogen-like atoms can also include ions of other elements that have lost all but one of their electrons.

A hydrogen atom is the simplest and most abundant type of atom in the universe. It consists of just one proton in its nucleus, which is positively charged, and one electron that orbits around the nucleus, which is negatively charged. The most common isotope of hydrogen, known as protium, has no neutrons in its nucleus. ### Key Characteristics of Hydrogen Atom: 1. **Atomic Number**: Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1, indicating that it has one proton.

PKA, or particle kinetic energy, in the context of irradiation typically refers to the energy imparted to atoms or ions during a radiation event. In materials science, particularly in the study of radiation effects on materials, PKA is an important concept as it helps to quantify how much energy is transferred to the atoms in a material when they are struck by high-energy particles, such as neutrons or ions.

Quantum defect is a concept primarily used in atomic physics and quantum mechanics to describe the deviation of the energy levels of an electron in an atom from what would be expected based on a simple model, such as the hydrogen atom. This defect arises because the electron experiences a more complex potential than the idealized Coulomb potential due to the presence of other electrons and the finite size of the nucleus.

A Rydberg atom is an atom that has one or more electrons in a very high energy state, meaning that the electron is relatively far from the nucleus compared to electrons in lower energy levels. This can be achieved by exciting the atom using various means, such as lasers or electric fields.

A two-electron atom is an atomic system that contains two electrons orbiting around a nucleus, which is typically a single positive charge, such as the nucleus of a helium atom (\( ^4He \)). In contrast to hydrogen (which has only one electron), a two-electron atom has additional complexities in its electronic structure due to the interactions between the two electrons.