Cryptography standards

Cryptography standards refer to the set of guidelines and protocols established to ensure secure communication and data protection practices in various systems and applications. These standards are crucial for the development, implementation, and usage of cryptography to ensure interoperability, security, and reliability across different platforms and services. They are designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation.

Digital Rights Management (DRM) standards refer to a set of technologies and protocols that are designed to protect digital content from unauthorized access, distribution, and copying. DRM solutions are implemented to ensure that copyright holders can control how their digital media is used, thus securing their business models in the digital marketplace.

The ABA digital signature guidelines refer to the standards and recommendations put forth by the American Bar Association (ABA) regarding the use of digital signatures within the legal profession. These guidelines are intended to provide a framework for attorneys and legal professionals to ensure that the implementation of digital signatures complies with legal standards and maintains the integrity and security of signed documents.

An Advanced Electronic Signature (AdES) is a type of electronic signature that meets specific criteria to ensure a higher level of security, authenticity, and integrity of the signed document. It goes beyond a simple electronic signature by incorporating additional features and requirements that align with legal standards and regulations, particularly in jurisdictions such as the European Union.

Associated Signature Containers (ASCs) are a concept related to digital signatures and cryptographic protocols. They are typically used in the context of documents, files, and data integrity to establish authenticity and non-repudiation. An ASC allows for the encapsulation of digital signatures and the associated data in a way that ensures the signatures remain valid and verifiable over time.

CAdES, which stands for CMS Advanced Electronic Signatures, is a standard for digital signatures that extends the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) to provide advanced features for electronic signatures. It is defined under various specifications from the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and is particularly recognized in the context of eIDAS (the Electronic Identification and Trust Services Regulation) in the European Union.

CRYPTREC, which stands for "Cryptography Research and Evaluation Committees," is a project established by the Japanese government to evaluate and provide recommendations on cryptographic algorithms. The primary goal of CRYPTREC is to ensure the security and reliability of cryptographic standards and practices used in Japan.

Canonical XML is a standardized way of representing XML documents to ensure consistent and predictable formatting, which is particularly important for digital signatures and cryptographic operations. The purpose of Canonical XML is to produce a canonical form of XML data, so that XML documents that are logically equivalent can be represented in a consistent way.

A Certificate Signing Request (CSR) is a block of encoded text that is generated on the server where the certificate will be installed. It is used to request a digital certificate from a Certificate Authority (CA). A CSR contains important information about the entity requesting the certificate, including: 1. **Public Key**: The public key that will be included in the certificate.

The Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite (CNSA) is a set of cryptographic algorithms and standards developed by the National Security Agency (NSA) in the United States to provide secure communications for national security applications. The CNSA is designed to address the need for robust cybersecurity protections within governmental and defense sectors, as well as for use in various commercial applications that require a high level of security.

The Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) is a program that validates cryptographic modules to ensure they meet specific security standards. This program is a collaborative effort between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States and the Communications Security Establishment (CSE) in Canada. The CMVP aims to provide a standardized assessment of cryptographic software and hardware implementations, ensuring they comply with recognized criteria.

DigiDoc is an electronic document management system commonly used in Estonia for secure and efficient handling of digital documents. It allows users to create, sign, and verify various types of documents electronically. The system leverages public key infrastructure (PKI) technology to ensure the authenticity and integrity of documents, enabling secure communication and transactions. DigiDoc is often used in various sectors, including government, healthcare, and business, facilitating paperless workflows and reducing the need for physical document handling.

EIDAS stands for the "Electronic IDentification, Authentication, and Signature" regulation. It is a regulation established by the European Union to enhance trust in electronic transactions within the EU and streamline digital services across member states. Adopted in 2014, EIDAS provides a legal framework for electronic identification and trust services, which include electronic signatures, electronic seals, time stamps, and electronic delivery services.

The European Information Technologies Certification (EITC) is a certification scheme designed to provide recognition of skills and knowledge in various areas of information technology across Europe. It is part of the European Certification and Qualification Frameworks, aiming to standardize IT certifications and enhance the employability of professionals in the tech sector. EITC offers various specialized certificates that validate the competencies of IT professionals in distinct fields, such as programming, cybersecurity, data analysis, and network management.

The European Information Technologies Certification Academy (EITCA) is an educational initiative that focuses on providing certifications in various fields of information technology. Its primary aim is to enhance the skills and knowledge of IT professionals, students, and enthusiasts by offering structured training programs that culminate in recognized certifications. EITCA typically provides a range of specialized programs that cover various topics in IT, including software development, cybersecurity, data management, networking, and other emerging technologies.

FIPS 140, which stands for the Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 140, is a U.S. government standard that specifies the security requirements for cryptographic modules used within information technology systems. It was established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to ensure that cryptographic modules meet specific security requirements, which are critical for protecting sensitive information.

FIPS 140-2, or the Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 140-2, is a U.S. government standard that specifies security requirements for cryptographic modules, which are components used in encryption and data protection. Developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), this standard is designed to ensure that cryptographic modules used by federal agencies and contractors meet certain security requirements.

FIPS 140-3 (Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 140-3) is a U.S. government standard that specifies the security requirements for cryptographic modules. It is part of a suite of standards maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and is intended to provide a framework for the development and validation of cryptographic hardware and software used by federal agencies and their contractors to protect sensitive information.

H.234 is a multimedia coding standard developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as part of the H series of standards. However, there seems to be some confusion regarding H.234, as it is not widely referenced or recognized in comparison to other H series standards like H.264 (also known as AVC, or Advanced Video Coding) or H.265 (HEVC, High Efficiency Video Coding). If "H.

IEEE 802.1AE is a standard defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for Media Access Control (MAC) Security. It is part of the IEEE 802 family of networking standards and is specifically aimed at providing security features at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. The primary purpose of IEEE 802.1AE is to offer confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity for the data frames transmitted over local area networks (LANs).

IEEE P1363 refers to a standard project initiated by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) focusing on public key cryptography. Specifically, it is concerned with standardizing the methodologies for public key cryptography, which includes various algorithms and techniques used for secure communication, digital signatures, key establishment, and other cryptographic functions.

IEEE P1619 is a project initiated by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) focused on developing standards for encryption technologies to protect data at rest in storage devices. The primary goal of this standard is to establish a framework for the encryption of data in storage systems, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity, as well as providing a consistent approach to encryption algorithms and key management practices.

ISO/IEC 18014 is a standard that provides guidelines for the use of time-stamping systems in the context of electronic transactions and digital information. The standard is part of a set of specifications developed to enhance the security and reliability of digital signatures and electronic documents, addressing concerns related to data integrity and authenticity over time.

ISO 19092-2 is a standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that falls within a series centered on the domain of real-time systems and software engineering. Specifically, ISO 19092-2 is part of the ISO 19092 family, which provides guidelines for the development and management of real-time systems.

NSA Suite A Cryptography refers to a set of high-level cryptographic algorithms and techniques that are approved for use by the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States for protecting classified information. These methods are intended to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of sensitive communications and data. Suite A includes various cryptographic systems, specifically designed for national security and intelligence applications. The exact details of the algorithms and key management practices that comprise Suite A are typically not publicly disclosed due to their sensitive nature.

NSA Suite B Cryptography was a set of cryptographic algorithms and protocols recommended by the National Security Agency (NSA) for protecting classified and unclassified information. It was part of a broader initiative to standardize cryptographic methods for use in federal government applications, particularly in securing communications and information systems.

P-384 is a specific elliptic curve defined in the context of public key cryptography. It is part of the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) recommended elliptic curves for use in the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) and for other elliptic curve cryptographic applications.

PAdES, which stands for "PDF Advanced Electronic Signatures," is a set of specifications developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) aimed at enhancing the security and interoperability of digital signatures on PDF documents. It builds on existing electronic signature standards, such as those defined by the European Union's eIDAS regulation (Electronic Identification and Trust Services), and ensures compliance with legal requirements for electronic signatures across European member states.

PBKDF2, or Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2, is a key derivation function that is used to derive cryptographic keys from a password. It is designed to be computationally intensive and to incorporate a salt and iteration count to enhance security, making it more resilient against brute-force attacks and rainbow table attacks.

PKCS stands for "Public Key Cryptography Standards." It is a set of standards developed and published by RSA Security, which define various aspects of public key cryptography. These standards provide guidelines and frameworks for implementing various cryptographic functions and protocols. The PKCS standards cover a range of topics, including: 1. **Key Management**: Standards for key generation, storage, and distribution.

PKCS #1, which stands for "Public-Key Cryptography Standards #1," is a standard that defines the format for public and private keys used in the RSA cryptographic algorithm. Developed by RSA Data Security, PKCS #1 was first published in 1993 and has been updated several times since. The key aspects of PKCS #1 include: 1. **Key Formats**: PKCS #1 specifies how to encode RSA public and private keys in a standardized way using ASN.

PKCS #11, also known as Cryptographic Token Interface (CTI), is a standard defined by RSA Security Inc. that specifies a platform-independent API (Application Programming Interface) for accessing cryptographic tokens, such as hardware security modules (HSMs), smart cards, and software-based cryptographic devices.

PKCS #12 (Public Key Cryptography Standards #12) is a binary format for storing a private key along with its associated public key certificate and optionally a chain of certificates. It is widely used for securing and transporting cryptographic keys and certificates, particularly in applications such as secure email and client authentication. Here are some key features of PKCS #12: 1. **Storage Format**: PKCS #12 files typically have a `.p12` or `.

PKCS #7, which stands for "Public Key Cryptography Standards" #7, is a standard for cryptographically protected messages. It specifies a syntax for data that may be encrypted, signed, or both. It is commonly used in various cryptographic protocols and applications, such as email encryption (e.g., S/MIME) and document signing.

PKCS #8 (Public Key Cryptography Standards #8) is a standard that specifies a syntax for storing private key information in a platform-independent way. It is part of a set of standards developed by RSA Laboratories to facilitate secure communications and cryptographic operations.

A qualified digital certificate is a type of digital certificate that is issued by a qualified trust service provider and complies with specific legal and technical requirements set forth in regulations, such as the European Union's Electronic Identification and Trust Services (eIDAS) Regulation. Key characteristics of a qualified digital certificate include: 1. **Legal Recognition**: Qualified digital certificates are legally recognized for electronic signatures, ensuring that they hold the same legal validity as handwritten signatures in many jurisdictions, especially within the EU.

A Qualified Electronic Signature (QES) is a type of electronic signature that is legally recognized and offers a high level of security and authenticity. It is defined under the European Union's eIDAS (Electronic Identification and Trust Services) Regulation, which came into effect on July 1, 2016.

A Qualified Website Authentication Certificate (QWAC) is a type of digital certificate that is used to establish the authenticity and identity of a website, particularly in the context of secure online transactions. QWACs are part of a broader framework of qualified certificates that comply with specific regulations and standards set by government and regulatory bodies, especially within the European Union.

SM9 is a cryptographic standard that is part of China's national cryptography standard system, developed under the guidance of the State Cryptography Administration (SCA) of China. Specifically, SM9 is a digital signature algorithm that employs identity-based cryptography, allowing users to generate cryptographic keys based on unique identities (such as email addresses or phone numbers) instead of traditional public and private keys.

A Secure Signature Creation Device (SSCD) is a specialized hardware or software tool designed to create secure digital signatures. These devices adhere to stringent security standards to ensure the integrity and authenticity of the signature creation process. Typically, an SSCD is used in scenarios where high levels of security and trust are required, such as in electronic transactions, digital contracts, and legal documents.

A Trust Service Provider (TSP) is an entity that offers services designed to ensure the integrity, authenticity, and security of electronic transactions and communications. TSPs play a crucial role in digital security and trust frameworks, especially in the context of electronic signatures, encryption, authentication, and data integrity.

Trusted Data Format (TDF) is a data protection technology designed to provide secure data handling by ensuring that sensitive information can be used while maintaining its confidentiality and integrity. TDF enables organizations to protect their data by embedding encryption and access control mechanisms directly within the data itself. Key features of Trusted Data Format typically include: 1. **Encryption**: TDF uses strong encryption algorithms to protect data, ensuring that only authorized users can access the information.

The Web Cryptography API is a set of interfaces provided by web browsers that enables developers to perform cryptographic operations within web applications. This API is designed to provide a way to handle cryptographic tasks such as encryption, decryption, signing, and verification of data securely and conveniently in a web environment.

XAdES (XML Advanced Electronic Signatures) is a standard for electronic signatures that is based on XML (eXtensible Markup Language). It extends the basic capabilities of XML Digital Signatures to support a wide range of use cases in various contexts, including legal, regulatory, and commercial environments. The primary goal of XAdES is to provide a way to create digital signatures that meet legal and technical requirements in a more comprehensive manner than standard XML Digital Signatures.

XML Encryption is a specification defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) that provides a method for encrypting data within XML documents. It allows sensitive information contained in XML files to be encrypted so that it can be securely transmitted over networks or stored without exposing the underlying data to unauthorized access.

XML Signature is a standard for creating a digital signature for XML data structures, which ensures the integrity and authenticity of the data. It is part of the XML Security framework defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and is often used in web services, identity management, and other applications where secure data transmission is critical. ### Key Features of XML Signature: 1. **Data Integrity**: XML Signature guarantees that the signed XML document has not been altered after it was signed.

ZertES (Zertifikatsgesetz) is a Swiss law that governs the issuance, validation, and management of electronic signatures and electronic certificates in Switzerland. It provides a legal framework for the recognition of electronic signatures, allowing them to have the same legal status as handwritten signatures. This law aligns with the European Union's eIDAS regulation, which aims to create a unified framework for electronic identification and trust services across EU countries.