Energy in transport refers to the various forms of energy used to move people and goods from one location to another. It encompasses the energy systems, technologies, and practices that enable transportation across different modes, including road, rail, air, and maritime transport. Here are the key aspects of energy in transport: 1. **Types of Energy Sources**: - **Fossil Fuels**: Traditional transport systems primarily rely on gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, which are derived from oil.
Electric vehicles (EVs) are vehicles that are powered entirely or partially by electric power. They utilize electric motors, instead of internal combustion engines, which are found in traditional gasoline or diesel vehicles. EVs are a key component in the shift toward more sustainable transportation solutions and aim to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels. There are several types of electric vehicles: 1. **Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)**: These are fully electric vehicles that run exclusively on electric power stored in batteries.
Propulsion is the process of driving or propelling an object forward. In a broad sense, it refers to the mechanisms and forces that enable movement, typically in vehicles such as airplanes, spacecraft, boats, and automobiles. Propulsion systems convert various forms of energy—such as chemical energy (from fuel), electrical energy, or gravitational energy—into kinetic energy, allowing an object to move.
"Vehicles by fuel" typically refers to the categorization of vehicles based on the type of fuel they use for propulsion. This categorization helps in understanding the environmental impact, regulatory considerations, and market trends associated with different types of vehicles. Here's an overview of common vehicle types by fuel: 1. **Gasoline Vehicles**: These use gasoline as fuel and are among the most common types of vehicles. They typically have internal combustion engines.
Active mobility refers to modes of transportation that involve physical activity, primarily walking and cycling. It encompasses any form of transportation where individuals use their own physical energy to move from one place to another. This concept promotes healthier lifestyles, reduces reliance on motor vehicles, and can lead to decreased traffic congestion and lower environmental impacts. Key aspects of active mobility include: 1. **Health Benefits**: Engaging in active mobility can improve physical health by increasing cardiovascular fitness, strengthening muscles, and enhancing mental well-being.
Aerodynamics is the branch of fluid dynamics that focuses on the study of the behavior of air as it interacts with solid objects, particularly when those objects are moving through the air. It encompasses the analysis of forces and moments acting on bodies as they move, as well as the characteristics of airflow around them.
Bunkers, in the context of energy in transport, refer to fuel that is used by ships and other maritime vessels. The term "bunker fuel" typically encompasses various grades of fuel oil, including heavy fuel oil (HFO), marine diesel oil (MDO), and marine gas oil (MGO), which are burned in the engines of large vessels to generate propulsion and power onboard systems.
Energy efficiency in transport refers to the ratio of useful work performed by a transportation system to the energy consumed in the process. It measures how effectively a transport mode (such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships, and buses) utilizes energy to move people or goods from one place to another. Improving energy efficiency in transport has significant environmental, economic, and social benefits, including reduced fuel consumption, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and decreased operating costs.
Hydrogen transport refers to the methods and systems used to move hydrogen gas or hydrogen-containing substances from one location to another. As hydrogen emerges as a key energy carrier in the context of a transition to cleaner energy systems, effective transport solutions become crucial. Here are several key aspects and methods of hydrogen transport: 1. **Modes of Transport:** - **Pipeline Transportation:** Hydrogen can be transported through dedicated pipelines, similar to natural gas. This method is efficient for large-scale transport over land.
Rolling resistance is a force that opposes the motion of a rolling object, such as a wheel or tire, as it moves over a surface. This resistance is primarily caused by the deformation of the materials involved (like the tire and the ground) and the energy lost in the process. When a tire rolls, it undergoes a slight deformation at the point of contact with the ground, and as it rotates, it recovers its shape.
"Running energetics" typically refers to the study of the energy systems used during running, including how the body generates, utilizes, and conserves energy while running. This encompasses various aspects of biomechanics, physiology, and nutrition. Key topics within running energetics include: 1. **Energy Sources**: The body primarily uses carbohydrates and fats for energy during running. The proportion of each source depends on factors such as intensity, duration, and individual fitness levels. 2. **Aerobic vs.
The Von Kármán–Gabrielli diagram, also known as the VKG diagram, is a graphical representation used primarily in the field of aerodynamics and fluid dynamics. Named after the researchers Theodore von Kármán and Emilio Gabrielli, the diagram plots the relationship between two key non-dimensional parameters that describe the behavior of fluid flows. ### Key Components: 1. **Reynolds Number (Re)**: This dimensionless quantity indicates whether a flow is laminar or turbulent.
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