Mathematicians by century and nationality

Here's a brief overview of mathematicians categorized by century and nationality: ### Ancient Era - **Greeks** - **Euclid** (circa 300 BC) - Often referred to as the "Father of Geometry." - **Archimedes** (circa 287–212 BC) - Noted for his work in geometry, calculus, and for formulating the principles of levers.

The 10th century saw various mathematicians from different cultures, primarily focusing on Islamic scholars, as this period coincided with the Islamic Golden Age. Here are some prominent mathematicians by nationality or cultural background during the 10th century: 1. **Persian**: - **Al-Khwarizmi** (circa 780-850) was earlier than the 10th century but heavily influenced later scholars. He is known for his work in algebra and algorithms.

The 11th century saw significant contributions to mathematics from various regions and cultures, though it is important to note that the mathematical landscape was quite different from today. Here are some notable mathematicians from the 11th century by nationality: 1. **Arab Mathematicians:** - **Al-Khwarizmi** (though he lived earlier, his works were influential in the 11th century): He is often referred to as the "father of algebra.

In the 12th century, the field of mathematics was influenced by various cultures, particularly through the translations and adaptations of earlier works from ancient Greece, India, and the Islamic Golden Age. Mathematicians of this period are often categorized by their nationality or cultural background. Here are some notable mathematicians from that time: ### Islamic Mathematicians: 1. **Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)** (c. 965 – c.

The 13th century was a period rich in mathematical development, and several notable mathematicians emerged from various regions. Here’s a breakdown of some prominent mathematicians from that era by nationality: 1. **Italy**: - **Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa)**: Known for introducing the Hindu-Arabic numeral system to Europe and for the Fibonacci sequence in his work "Liber Abaci" (1202), which had a lasting impact on mathematics.

The 14th century saw significant developments in mathematics across various cultures and regions. Here are some notable mathematicians from that period by nationality: 1. **Italian:** - **Giovanni di Cascia**: Known for his work in arithmetic and for being one of the early Italian mathematicians to help in the development of accounting methods.

The 15th century was a time of significant development in mathematics, particularly due to the Renaissance and the revival of classical knowledge. Here are some notable mathematicians from that period, organized by nationality: ### Italian - **Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci)** (c. 1170–1250): Although he lived earlier than the 15th century, his works, particularly the *Liber Abaci*, significantly influenced mathematics during the Renaissance period.

The 16th century was a significant period for mathematics, characterized by great advancements and the contributions of mathematicians from various nationalities. Here’s a brief overview of some notable mathematicians from different countries during that time: ### Italian Mathematicians 1. **Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576)** - Known for his work in algebra and probability, he is famous for the solutions to cubic equations.

During the 17th century, many mathematicians made significant contributions to the field, and they came from various countries. Here’s a list of notable mathematicians from that period, categorized by nationality: ### Italian - **Bonaventura Cavalieri**: Known for his work on integral calculus and the method of indivisibles. - **Giorgio Vasari**: Contributed to geometry and arithmetic.

The 18th century was a vibrant period for mathematics, with significant contributions from mathematicians across various countries. Here’s a list of notable mathematicians organized by their nationality: ### France - **Jean le Rond d'Alembert**: Known for his work in differential equations and the development of the calculus of variations. - **Pierre Simon Laplace**: Made contributions to statistics and celestial mechanics.

19th-century mathematicians came from various countries and made significant contributions to mathematics and related fields. Here’s a brief overview of some notable mathematicians categorized by their nationality: ### France - **Évariste Galois**: Known for his work on group theory and the unsolvability of polynomial equations. - **Henri Poincaré**: Made foundational contributions to topology and dynamical systems.

The 20th century saw significant contributions to mathematics from a wide variety of nationalities.

21st-century mathematicians come from diverse nationalities and regions, reflecting the global nature of the field. While it's challenging to provide an exhaustive list or a detailed breakdown, some notable mathematicians, categorized by their nationalities, include: ### United States - **John Nash** - known for game theory. - **Terence Tao** - renowned for contributions in harmonic analysis and partial differential equations.

During the 2nd century, several notable mathematicians contributed to the field. Here are a few prominent figures categorized by their nationality or region of origin: 1. **Greek Mathematicians**: - **Diophantus**: Often referred to as the "Father of Algebra," he is known for his work "Arithmetica," which systematically dealt with solving equations.

The 5th century was a period of significant development in mathematics, particularly in the context of ancient Greece, India, and China. Here’s a breakdown of some notable mathematicians from this era by nationality: ### Greek 1. **Proclus (circa 410–485)**: A notable Neoplatonist philosopher who contributed to the understanding of Euclidean geometry and worked on the commentary of Euclid's "Elements.

In the 6th century, several mathematicians made significant contributions to the field, and they came from different national backgrounds. Here are a few notable mathematicians from that period and their nationalities: 1. **Brahmagupta (India)** - An influential mathematician and astronomer, he is known for his work on solutions to quadratic equations and his rules for arithmetic operations involving zero.

In the 7th century, significant developments in mathematics occurred in various regions, primarily due to the influence of cultures such as the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic Caliphates, and parts of Asia.

The 8th century saw notable contributions to mathematics from various cultures and nationalities, particularly the Islamic Golden Age, which was instrumental in preserving and expanding upon the knowledge of earlier civilizations. Here are some significant mathematicians of that era by nationality or cultural context: 1. **Arabic/Islamic Mathematicians:** - **Al-Khwarizmi (circa 780–850)**: Often considered the father of algebra, he wrote influential texts on arithmetic and algebra.

In the 9th century, notable mathematicians emerged from various cultural and geographical backgrounds, particularly within the Islamic world and Europe. Here's a brief overview by nationality or region: ### Islamic World 1. **Al-Khwarizmi** (Persian) - Often hailed as the "father of algebra," Al-Khwarizmi's works were foundational in developing algebra and introducing the decimal positional number system to the West.