Orbit determination is the process of calculating the trajectory of an object in space, such as a satellite, planet, or spacecraft, based on observations and measurements of its position and velocity over time. This involves estimating the object's orbital parameters, such as its position, velocity, orbit shape, and direction of motion.
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Orbit determination infers a body's position and velocity from observations and an equation of motion. It is an inverse problem; a residual of an inverse problem compares an observed readout with its modeled prediction.