Synthetic elements

Synthetic elements are those that do not occur naturally on Earth and are instead artificially created in laboratories or nuclear reactors through nuclear reactions. These elements typically have very high atomic numbers and are often unstable, leading to rapid radioactive decay. Synthetic elements are produced by bombarding stable nuclei with particles, such as neutrons or protons, in a particle accelerator or a nuclear reactor.

Hypothetical chemical elements are theoretical substances that scientists have proposed based on various scientific principles but have not yet been observed or confirmed in nature. These elements are typically derived from extrapolations of existing theories in chemistry and physics, often related to the periodic table and nuclear stability.

Americium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Am and atomic number 95. It is part of the actinide series on the periodic table and is produced through the neutron bombardment of plutonium. Discovered in 1944 by scientists Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso at the University of California, Berkeley, americium is named after the Americas.

Astatine is a chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It is a member of the halogens, a group of elements in Group 17 of the periodic table, which also includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring halogen and is highly radioactive, with no stable isotopes. Its most stable isotope, astatine-210, has a half-life of about 8.1 hours.

Berkelium is a synthetic, radioactive element with the symbol Bk and atomic number 97. It was first identified in 1949 by a team of researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, hence its name. Berkelium is classified as an actinide and is part of the f-block of the periodic table. Berkelium is produced in minute amounts through the bombardment of curium with alpha particles or by neutron capture in a nuclear reactor.

Bohrium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Bh and atomic number 107. It is named after the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, a prominent figure in the development of quantum mechanics and atomic structure theories. Bohrium is classified as a transition metal and is part of the group 7 elements in the periodic table. Due to its position in the periodic table, Bohrium is expected to share some chemical properties with other group 7 elements such as rhenium and manganese.

Curium is a synthetic radioactive element with the chemical symbol Cm and atomic number 96. It was discovered in 1944 by chemists Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, and Emilio Segrè while they were experimenting with plutonium in a laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. The element is named after Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie, in honor of their contributions to the field of radioactivity.

Darmstadtium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Ds and atomic number 110. It was first synthesized in 1994 by a team of German scientists at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany, from which it takes its name. Darmstadtium is a member of the transition metals on the periodic table and is classified as a superheavy element.

Dubnium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Db and atomic number 105. It is named after Dubna, a town in Russia where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research is located, and where the element was first synthesized in 1968 by a team of Russian and American scientists. Dubnium is a member of the actinide series, and it is placed in the d-block of the periodic table's group 5, which makes it part of the transition metals.

Fermium is a synthetic, radioactive element with the symbol **Fm** and atomic number **100**. It belongs to the actinide series in the periodic table and is named after the physicist Enrico Fermi. Fermium was first discovered in 1952 in the debris of a thermonuclear explosion, specifically during the testing of nuclear weapons.

Flerovium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Fl and atomic number 114. It was first synthesized in 1998 by a team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. Named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, where it was discovered, the element is part of the superheavy elements in the periodic table.

Hassium is a synthetic element with the symbol Hs and atomic number 108. It is part of the transuranium elements and is classified as a superheavy element in the periodic table. Hassium is named after the German state of Hesse, where it was first synthesized in 1984 by a team of scientists at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany.

The heaviest elements refer to those with the highest atomic numbers and masses on the periodic table. These elements are typically found at the bottom of the periodic table and are often categorized as transuranium elements, which are elements with atomic numbers greater than that of uranium (92), as well as superheavy elements, which extend beyond the known elements.

Lawrencium is the chemical element with the symbol Lr and atomic number 103. It is classified as a synthetic element and belongs to the actinide series of the periodic table. Lawrencium was first synthesized in 1961 by a team of scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, and it was named in honor of Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron.

Livermorium is a synthetic element with the symbol Lv and atomic number 116. It is part of the octupole and is classified as a transactinide element in the periodic table. Livermorium was first synthesized in 2000 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, in collaboration with a team from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States.

Meitnerium is a synthetic element with the chemical symbol Mt and atomic number 109. It was named in honor of the physicist Lise Meitner, who contributed to the discovery of nuclear fission. Meitnerium is classified as a transition metal and is part of the group known as the transactinides. Meitnerium does not occur naturally and is produced in particle accelerators through the bombardment of bismuth with heavier particles.

Mendelevium is a synthetic element with the symbol Md and atomic number 101. It was first synthesized in 1955 by Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, and Edwin M. McMillan at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. Mendelevium is part of the actinide series in the periodic table and is one of the transuranium elements, which means it has a higher atomic number than uranium.

Moscovium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Mc and atomic number 115. It is part of the p-block of the periodic table and is classified as a post-transition metal. Moscovium was first synthesized in 2003 by a team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. The element was named in honor of Moscow and the Moscow region.

Nihonium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Nh and atomic number 113. It is one of the superheavy elements in the periodic table and was first officially reported in 2004 by a team of Japanese scientists at the RIKEN institute. The name "Nihonium" is derived from "Nihon," which is one of the ways to say "Japan" in Japanese, reflecting the element's discovery in Japan.

Nobelium is a synthetic element with the chemical symbol No and atomic number 102. It is part of the actinide series of the periodic table and is named after the inventor Alfred Nobel. Nobelium was first synthesized in 1957 by a team of scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. Nobelium is a radioactive element, and its most stable isotope, Nobelium-259, has a half-life of about 58 minutes.

Oganesson (Og) is a synthetic element with the atomic number 118. It is a member of the noble gases group in the periodic table, which includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. However, due to relativistic effects, oganesson exhibits properties that are quite different from those of the other noble gases.

Promethium is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. It is part of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Promethium is one of the rarest elements on Earth and is radioactive, with no stable isotopes. Its most common isotopes are promethium-145 and promethium-147. Promethium does not occur naturally in significant quantities; it was discovered in 1945 by chemists Glenn T.

Roentgenium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Rg and atomic number 111. It is named in honor of the German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen, who is known for discovering X-rays. Roentgenium is part of the group of elements known as the transition metals and is located in period 7 of the periodic table. This element was first synthesized in 1994 at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Germany.

Rutherfordium is a synthetic element in the periodic table with the symbol Rf and atomic number 104. It is classified as a radioactive transition metal and is part of the transactinide elements. Rutherfordium was first synthesized in 1964 by a team of Russian physicists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, and it was named in honor of the physicist Ernest Rutherford, who is known for his pioneering work in nuclear physics.

Technetium (Tc) is a chemical element with the atomic number 43. It is the lightest element that does not have stable isotopes, and all of its isotopes are radioactive. Technetium was first artificially produced in 1937 by Italian scientists Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè, who discovered it by isolating it from a sample of uranium irradiated in a cyclotron.

Tennessine is a synthetic element with the symbol Ts and atomic number 117. It is one of the superheavy elements in the periodic table and belongs to the group of halogens, which are typically found in Group 17. Tennessine was first synthesized in 2010 by a collaborative team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, and at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States.