 Electromotive force

Electromotive force is the driving work per unit electric charge around an electrical circuit, measured in volts, despite its name containing "force". For a stationary loop its electromagnetic contribution is $\mathcal{E}={\oint }_C\mathbf{E}\cdot d\mathbf{l}$; for a moving electrical conductor, include the motional electromotive force. A nonzero closed-loop line integral of the electric field cannot be represented by a single-valued electric potential alone. An electromotive force specifies the drive; the resulting electric current also depends on the electrical resistance and self-inductance. ^[ref].

Electromotive force (EMF) refers to the energy provided per unit charge by a source of electrical energy, such as a battery, generator, or solar cell, when it generates electric current. Although it uses the term "force," EMF is not a force in the traditional sense; rather, it represents the potential difference (voltage) generated by a source when no current is flowing.