 Solution

Two useful properties are adhesion and contact elastic modulus. The pull-off force, the most negative force on retraction relative to the noncontact baseline, maps adhesion. Fit the contact part of the force-indentation relation using a suitable contact mechanics model to obtain a reduced elastic modulus; for example, the DMT contact model useswhere $F_{\mathrm{adh}}<0$, $R$ is the calibrated tip radius and $\delta$ is indentation. Converting $E^{\ast }$ to a sample Young's modulus also requires the tip modulus and the two Poisson's ratios. The approach curve alone does not supply a retraction pull-off measurement. The loop area can additionally map dissipated energy; it is not automatically a purely viscous loss.^[ref]