 Solution

In a magnesium chloride chemical solution, the principal pair interactions are hard sphere exclusion, repulsion of overlapping electric double layers, and attractive Van der Waals forces. The positive surface attracts chloride counterions and repels magnesium coions; mobile ions screen the bare Coulomb's law interaction. The competition between screened electrostatic repulsion and Van der Waals force attraction is described by DLVO theory.

For well-separated identical weakly charged spheres, the approximate repulsive pair potential energy, at centre separation $R\ge 2a$, isIt is a screened Coulomb pair potential. An attractive Hamaker constant adds a negative short-range contribution, while overlap is forbidden. Very near contact, solvation and molecular surface structure can also matter. No polymer-induced interaction should be assumed before polymer is added in part (f).