 Zymogen

A zymogen is a precursor of an enzyme that becomes substantially more active after a chemical activation step, commonly limited proteolysis. Regulating activation permits a biological cell or organism to produce a catalytic precursor before the full activity is needed. Low precursor activity need not be exactly zero in every assay.

Prothrombin provides a concrete example. Specific cleavage sites connect its precursor architecture to generation of thrombin. A 2013 structural study examined an engineered precursor lacking one domain and carrying an inactive catalytic-site substitution, supplemented by solution measurements. It related exposure of activation sites to conformational organization.^[ref] A zymogen can therefore be a folded, regulated protein rather than an unfinished chain awaiting protein folding.

Consider a synthetic assay in which 20 percent of a $1\mu \mathrm{M}$ precursor pool becomes active enzyme, one molecule for one molecule. Active enzyme is then $0.2\mu \mathrm{M}$. At saturating substrate and an illustrative turnover number of $10{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$, the predicted initial reaction rate is $2\mu \mathrm{M}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$. Measuring total precursor-plus-product abundance would not reveal that active fraction.