Many plotting software can be used to create mathematics illustrations. They just tend to have more data-oriented rather than explanatory-oriented output.

Inkscape

Graphics library

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three.js

OpenGL

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Ciro Santilli has some good related articles listed under: the best articles by Ciro Articles.

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WebGL

Freetype GL

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github.com/rougier/freetype-gl

Good library to render text in OpenGL, see also: stackoverflow.com/questions/8847899/opengl-how-to-draw-text-using-only-opengl-methods/36065835#36065835

Khronos Group

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The fact that they kept the standard open source makes them huge heroes, see also: closed standard.

Shame that many (most?) of their proposals just die out.

Khronos standard

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opengl-tutorial.org

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github.com/opengl-tutorials/ogl/

Good modern OpenGL tutorial in retained mode with shaders, see also: stackoverflow.com/questions/6733934/what-does-immediate-mode-mean-in-opengl/36166310#36166310

Direct3D

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JavaScript graphics library

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Paper.js

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github.com/paperjs/paper.js

Pixi.js

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github.com/pixijs/pixi.js

Two.js

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github.com/jonobr1/two.js

Examples at: two-js/.

JavaScript library, works both on browser and headless with Node.js to SVG.

Feels good. Maybe not ultra featured, and could have more simple examples in docs, but still good.

Vs Paper.js github.com/jonobr1/two.js/issues/319

One of the main features of Two.js appears to be the fact that it can natively render to either SVG and canvas, rather than creating SVG through DOM hacks as done by other projects.