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by Ciro Santilli (@cirosantilli, 25)
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Helium (He, 2)

 wiki tags: Nobel gas
  •  Table of contents
    • Helium-3 link
    • Helium-4 link
    • Liquid helium link
      • Superfluid helium link Liquid helium
        • Superfluid helium-3 link Superfluid helium
        • Superfluid helium-4 link Superfluid helium
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Helium-3

 Helium toc wiki
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Helium-4

 Helium toc wiki
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Liquid helium (4.2 K, Helium I)

 Helium toc wiki
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4 K. Enough for to make "low temperature superconductors" like regular metals superconducting, e.g. the superconducting temperature of aluminum if 1.2 K.
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Contrast with liquid nitrogen, which is much cheaper but only goes to 77K.
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Superfluid helium

 Liquid helium toc
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Superfluid helium-3

 Superfluid helium toc wiki tags: 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics
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Surprisingly, it can also become a superfluid even though each atom is a fermion! This is because of Cooper pair formation, just like in superconductors, but the transition happens at lower temperatures than superfluid helium-4, which is a boson.
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Superfluid helium-4 (Helium II)

 Superfluid helium toc wiki
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Also sometimes called helium II, in contrast to helium I, which is the non-superfluid liquid helium phase.
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Video 1. Superfluid helium Resonance Experiment by Dietterich Labs (2019) Source.

 Ancestors

  1. Chemical element
  2. Chemistry
  3. Natural science
  4. Science
  5. Index

 Incoming links

  • Alpha decay
  • Boltzmann constant
  • Dilution refrigerator
  • Nobel gas
  • Timeline of quantum mechanics

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