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The tangent vectors ofareHence the first fundamental form has coefficientsPutThe upward unit normal is , so the second fundamental form has coefficientsThus the two forms are
For the final claim, fix a point of and make a rigid motion taking to the plane . The common tangent plane is horizontal, so locally is the graph . Along the projected curve of tangency,Differentiating the second identity givesBecause is a smooth curve, , so the Hessian is singular. Its determinant is zero, and the graph formula gives at every point of . This is tangency to a plane along a curve forces zero Gaussian curvature.
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