A. Yu. Kitaev proposed fault-tolerant quantum computation using anyons in a two-dimensional quantum system. In the model, moving excitations around one another performs unitary transformations, while fusing excitations provides a measurement outcome.[ref]
Information is encoded in collective degrees of freedom rather than simply in an isolated local two-state object. This can protect it against specified local perturbations. Fault tolerance depends on the physical model and error processes; it does not imply immunity to every disturbance or that every possible anyon species supplies universal computation by braiding alone.
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