Contemporary anonymous review in The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, volume 21, pp. 285–297, of the 1857 work by Marshall Hall. The review documents historical terminology and experimental concerns; its postural method is not current resuscitation guidance.
Chemical regulation of ventilation, including the combined stimulus of hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidity.
Structure and Function; Blood Supply and Lymphatics: perineal membrane, deep structures and male bulbourethral glands.
Structure and Function; Blood Supply and Lymphatics; Muscles: superficial pouch and its contents.
Structure and Course: origin at the cisterna chyli, thoracic relations and venous termination.
Primary paired study of 20 healthy volunteers after a standardized meal; abstract reports a nonsignificant 1.5% liver-volume reduction.
Primary large-sample organ-mass study. Results and Conclusions discuss associations with body size, age and sex.
Primary autopsy study; organ mass data must be distinguished from universal physiological limits. Table reproduced by Duke Pathology: pathology.oit.duke.edu/siteParts/Typical%20Organ%20Weights.pdf
Contemporary review of the 1866 book, pp. 431–440; the tumour discussion is at pp. 438–440. The year in this header identifies the reviewed book, not a verified date of the review. Historical disagreement is evidence about terminology, not current clinical authority.
Digestive tract correlates; neurophysiology of relaxation, retrograde contraction, retching and expulsion.
Current reference entry: Introduction, Mechanism and Related Testing; metabolic, synthetic and clearance functions of the liver.
Contemporary chronicle, British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, 43(85), pp. 237–247. Part I, item 1 reports a marrow finding published in 1868, after the 1867 exam.
Contemporary monograph by William Baly and William Senhouse Kirkes. See p. 132, Development of the Blood, for competing post-embryonic corpuscle-formation theories.
Contemporary handbook by William Senhouse Kirkes; p. 69 describes two generations of red corpuscles.

How the Lungs Work: What Breathing Does for the Body by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2025-06-27)

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www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/lungs/breathing-benefits
Publisher: OpenStax.

24.5 Metabolic States of the Body

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Cited passages: Anatomy and Physiology 2e, §12.2, Parts of a Neuron: nucleus, organelles, processes, branching axon, initial segment and terminals; Anatomy and Physiology 2e, §12.2, Types of Neurons and Figure 12.9: multipolar, bipolar and human pseudo-unipolar cells; sensory projection past the cell body.
Cited passages: 17.9, delta cells and somatostatin; 17.9, glucagon signaling through cAMP and glycogen breakdown; 17.9, pancreatic islet cell types and regulation of blood glucose.
Cited passages: §1.5, Figure 1.10 and thermoregulatory examples following it; §1.5, Negative Feedback, Figure 1.10: sensor, control center and effector; §1.5, opening paragraphs and Negative Feedback: normal ranges and compensatory responses.
Reference work. Individual chapter authors and update dates are recorded below.
Publisher: MDText.com, Inc..
Cited passages: Glucagon Physiology, Glucagon Receptor Signalling and Glucagon Stimulates Lipolysis and Ketogenesis: controversy over direct human adipose effects; Glucagon Physiology, Glucagon Receptor Signalling; Glucagon Increases Hepatic Glucose Production; Glucagon Physiology, Structure and Synthesis of Glucagon; Regulation of Glucagon Secretion, Figure 2; Glucagon Physiology, The Role of Glucagon in Diabetes.
Cited passages: Weiss, Steiner and Philipson, Introduction; Insulin Biogenesis and Mechanism of Release; Biochemistry and Electrophysiology of Insulin Secretion, PDF pp. 1, 4–8, 10–11.
Cited passages: Assessing Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance in Humans, Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Glucose Clamp, PDF pp. 4–6; Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Glucose Clamp; Advantages and Limitations, PDF pp. 4–6.
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation.
Published in JCI Insight, 4(10):e127994.
Cited passages: Figure 6G–H; Methods, Perifusion studies with human islets; Figures 4–6; Methods, mouse perifusion assays and Human islets — source and culture; Intraislet glucagon signaling is critical for maintaining glucose homeostasis, Figures 6–7.
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation.
Published in Journal of Clinical Investigation, 131(1):e142241.
Cited passages: Insulin signaling in health and disease, Figure 1A–B; Control of vesicle trafficking; Acute regulation of metabolic enzymes; Regulation of gluconeogenesis via changes in gene expression.
Reference work. Individual chapter authors and update dates are recorded below.
Publisher: National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).
Cited passages: Introduction to Diabetes, Classification; Introduction to Diabetes, The Action of Insulin and Glucose Transporters.
Publisher: American Physiological Society.
Published in American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 237(3):E214-E223.
Cited passages: DeFronzo, Tobin and Andres (1979), inspected abstract: contrasting clamp designs and biphasic insulin response.
Publisher: MDPI.
Published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
Cited passages: §2.1.1, Core Temperature: internal sites and indirect measurement; §2.2.4, Evaporation: sweat secretion versus evaporation and blood-volume depletion; §2.3.1: behavioral heat conservation and dissipation; §2.3.1, Figure 1 and following paragraphs: circadian and pyrogen-related changes of the temperature set point.

The Wisdom of the Body by Walter Bradford Cannon (1932)

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By Walter Bradford Cannon.

Homeostasis (excerpt from The Wisdom of the Body)

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Online text: www.panarchy.org/cannon/homeostasis.1932.html
Cited passages: Homeostasis excerpt, paragraphs beginning The wonder increases, Resistance to changes and In short; hosting page identifies book and 1932 date.
This source is credited to an organization.
Cited passages: Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla: secretion in response to sympathetic stimulation.
Publisher: National Library of Medicine.
This source is credited to an organization.
Cited passages: Epinephrine, D004837: Scope Note, entry term Adrenaline and Catecholamines tree placement.
MeSH 2026 descriptor D004837. This is a controlled-vocabulary record, not the discovery date of the substance.

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