A basic oxygen furnace is a refractory-lined converter used for basic oxygen steelmaking. It holds molten pig iron, recycled steel and fluxes while an oxygen supply drives refining reactions. The vessel must contain the bath and slag, accommodate vigorous mixing and allow the finished steel and reaction products to be removed.[ref]
Its thermal balance couples composition and charge selection: oxidation releases heat, while heating and melting additions consume it. This makes the furnace a useful example of simultaneous mass balance and energy balance. The furnace is the physical reactor; the steelmaking process includes its operation, measurements and composition adjustments.

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