Conversion of molten carbon-rich iron by blowing air through it. Oxidation of constituents supplies heat; early acidic converters required low-phosphorus feed.
Steel melted in a crucible to improve compositional uniformity relative to incompletely homogenized starting stock.
Historical production of blister steel by prolonged heating of wrought iron with carbonaceous material, allowing carburization of the bars.
The carburized bar product of the cementation process, historically showing surface blisters and an uneven carbon distribution.
Historical refining of molten carbon-rich iron in a reverberatory furnace by oxidation and stirring, commonly producing wrought iron.
The nonmetallic melt or solid product separating gangue and other constituents from a metal during extraction or refining.
Conversion of an iron-bearing ore into metallic iron, for example by carbon monoxide reduction in a blast furnace.
The carbon-rich first molten iron product of traditional blast furnace smelting, also containing other feed-dependent impurities.
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Metallurgy is the science and technology of metals and their alloys. It encompasses the processes of extraction, refining, forming, and alloying of metals, as well as the study of their physical and chemical properties. Metallurgy is generally divided into two main branches: 1. **Extractive Metallurgy**: This branch deals with the extraction of metals from their ores and the refining process.
