Steelmaking

Production of steel by controlling the carbon content and other constituents of iron.

An iron–manganese–carbon alloy historically used to adjust steel composition.

Conversion of molten carbon-rich iron by blowing air through it. Oxidation of constituents supplies heat; early acidic converters required low-phosphorus feed.

Steel melted in a crucible to improve compositional uniformity relative to incompletely homogenized starting stock.

Historical steel made by welding and forging suitable steel bars, often from blister steel.

Historical production of blister steel by prolonged heating of wrought iron with carbonaceous material, allowing carburization of the bars.

The carburized bar product of the cementation process, historically showing surface blisters and an uneven carbon distribution.

Historical refining of molten carbon-rich iron in a reverberatory furnace by oxidation and stirring, commonly producing wrought iron.