A biological replicate repeats a procedure using a distinct biological preparation, such as another plant or a separately established cell culture. The relevant level must be specified: several cell cultures derived from one donor can still form nested measurements for a donor-level question. Calling a sample a biological replicate does not by itself establish an independent experimental unit.
Variation among independent biological samples. Pooling reads can conceal this variation; treating within-sample technical observations as independent biological replicates causes pseudoreplication.

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  1. Replication in experimental design
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