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BLOSUM, short for "Blocks Substitution Matrix," refers to a series of substitution matrices used for sequence alignment, primarily in the field of bioinformatics. These matrices are designed to score alignments between protein sequences based on observed substitutions in blocks of homologous sequences. The BLOSUM matrices are indexed by a number (BLOSUM62, BLOSUM80, etc.), where the number indicates the minimum level of sequence identity among the sequences used to create the matrix.