Bone

A mineralised connective tissue forming major components of the vertebrate skeleton.

Formation of bone. Dermal, perichondral and endochondral modes should be distinguished from mineral deposition in cartilage.

A skull-roof bone formed by integration of frontal and parietal components, characteristic of frogs and some other vertebrates.

A skeletal element associated with the vertebral axis. Reduction of free ribs is part of the characteristic frog body organization.

bone deposited around a cartilaginous skeletal element, distinct from internal endochondral bone.

bone deposited during replacement of a cartilaginous skeletal template. It should be distinguished from calcified cartilage and a superficial perichondral bone layer.

bone forming within dermal or related connective tissues rather than replacing a cartilaginous template. Large skull-roof bones and small surface odontodes are distinct anatomical organizations.

A dermal skeleton organized into relatively large plates or bones, contrasting with a covering dominated by small separate scales or odontodes.

A proximal ankle element paired with the tibiale.

A proximal ankle element that is elongated in the derived frog hindlimb.

The compound lower-leg element formed by union of the tibia and fibula in adult frogs.

The compound forearm element formed by union of the radius bone and ulna in adult frogs.

The dorsal component of the pelvic girdle. Its anterior elongation is an important feature of the frog-lineage locomotor apparatus.

The second vertebra; its specialization varies across vertebrate lineages.

The first vertebra, associated with the articulation of the head and axial column.

A vertebra anterior to the sacrum. Counts depend on identifying the sacral articulation, not just numbering visible centra.

A bone of the jaw suspension in many nonmammalian vertebrates; its mobility contributes to avian cranial kinesis.

A bone contributing to the palate.

A palatal bone participating in the connection between the palate and posterior skull apparatus.

A median palatal bone whose form and contacts contribute to comparisons of avian cranial kinesis.

Bone tissue associated with rapid deposition. Rapid growth alone does not uniquely establish sustained endothermy.

One of the principal lower-leg bones, paired with the tibia.

One of the principal lower-leg bones, paired with the fibula.

The principal proximal bone of the lower limb and the corresponding pelvic appendage in relevant comparisons.

One of the principal forearm bones, paired with the radius bone.

One of the two principal forearm bones; movement relative to the ulna contributes to forearm rotation.

The single proximal element of the upper limb and the corresponding pectoral appendage in relevant fossil comparisons.