Integrating finite Grassmann variables out of a quadratic action gives . If is invertible, divide by and expand its logarithm to obtain . Since the bosonic variables commute, an -leg effective Feynman rule uses the fully symmetrized trace tensor, with weight . The minus sign comes from . This organizes closed fermion loops into bosonic vertices. It is a formal perturbative identity; a singular prevents the normalized expansion, even though the unfactored determinant polynomial still exists.

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