The layered outer tissue of the cerebral hemispheres. Anatomical boundaries and functional boundaries need not coincide, so a named cortical region should not automatically be treated as a homogeneous computation.
Cortical regions involved in producing and controlling movement. Contributions vary across primary and nonprimary areas; an area-level perturbation does not selectively manipulate a hypothetical cell class.
Cortex involved in selecting, preparing and organizing actions. Some macaque premotor neurons respond both during action execution and observation.
A cerebral lobe containing sensory and association regions involved in spatial attention, body-related processing and transformations used to guide action. Symptoms depend on subregion, brain lesion extent and connections.
Parietal association cortex contributing to attention, spatial representations and sensorimotor transformations. Damage need not produce one uniform visual-localization deficit.
A major part of mammalian cerebral cortex with a layered organization. In complementary learning systems accounts it supports overlapping representations that integrate regularities across experiences, while its actual learning speed depends on prior knowledge, task and circuit conditions.
A region around the meeting of temporal and parietal cortex. Tests of selectivity for theory of mind require nonmental controls matched for relevant alternatives such as language, attention and representational demands.
Cortical regions involved in processing bodily sensory information. A contrast between responses to self-pain and others' pain tests a particular operational distinction rather than all possible forms of affective empathy.
The anterior portion of cingulate cortex. Its subregions and task responses should be distinguished; a response to both self-pain and others' pain does not alone establish identical neural representations.
A region of cerebral cortex folded within the lateral sulcus. Named anatomical regions can contain heterogeneous populations; activation of the insular cortex is not uniquely diagnostic of one mental process.
The anterior part of the insular cortex. Interpreting activity here requires task contrasts and alternative-process controls, rather than treating the location as an empathy-specific marker.
A frontal cortical region involved in several sensory and value-related processes. Taste–odor mixture contrasts can reveal interactions within its measured activity, but voxel overlap does not demonstrate convergence in every neuron and a value correlation is not itself a causal account.
Cortex around the corpus callosum with functionally diverse anterior and posterior subdivisions. A broad anatomical label should not imply one uniform cognitive process.
A posterior cortical region interacting with hippocampal and anterior thalamic systems, with important roles in contextual and spatial cognition.
A visual cortical region in primates with responses selective for objects and faces. Experience can change its tolerance to transformations, and face-selective patches differ in viewpoint and identity coding.
Cortex linking widespread cortical processing with the hippocampus. Its pathways convey information about events and space; models must state how this information is encoded rather than treating it as an already solved world-coordinate representation.
Cortical systems processing visual information, including primary visual cortex and extrastriate regions. Delay-period information in these systems can be consistent with sensory recruitment without proving that a single local region independently maintains the memory.
A sulcus bordering temporal cortical regions that contribute to auditory, visual and language-related processing. Responses to sentence structure and modality depend on the particular subdivision and comparison.
A temporal-lobe gyrus containing auditory and language-related territories. Its functions vary along its extent and according to task; the anatomical name is not a single computational module.
The anterior part of the temporal lobe, important in networks supporting semantic representations. Progressive degeneration can affect this region and its connections rather than one isolated processing node.
The most anterior part of the temporal lobe. It is a stimulation target in studies of semantic processing; the effect of perturbation must be interpreted in relation to the wider network.
A historical anatomical label associated with language comprehension, commonly centered on posterior superior temporal cortex. Its boundaries and functional interpretation vary across usages; a clinical syndrome is not confined automatically to this one area.
A medial frontal motor region implicated in planning and sequencing actions, including self-initiated movement. It participates in interactions with basal ganglia and other motor systems.
A frontal cortical gyrus containing anatomically and functionally distinguishable subregions. Its left pars opercularis and pars triangularis are commonly associated with Broca's area.
A traditional label for left inferior-frontal territory, commonly associated with areas 44 and 45. It is heterogeneous: language-selective and domain-general regions can lie beside one another, and an anatomical label does not establish a single syntax function. The name commemorates Paul Broca.
Cortical regions anterior to motor and premotor territories, involved in diverse control, representational and task-dependent processes. An observed delay signal must be interpreted using its content and task context.
Medial prefrontal regions implicated, among other functions, in control over aversive events. Rat prelimbic and infralimbic subdivisions do not map one-to-one onto every human clinical construct.
A lateral prefrontal region studied extensively in delayed-response tasks. Activity can carry remembered stimulus and anticipated response information; a task must separate them before assigning a uniquely mnemonic function.
