Primates

A squirrel-monkey species used in tests of acquired colour discrimination after opsin addition.

A member of Hominoidea, comprising lesser apes and great apes. Living members do not exhaust the anatomical diversity of extinct apes.

A member of Hominidae, including Pongo, Gorilla, Pan and Homo. Living apes are evolved comparative relatives, not unchanged ancestral populations.

An extinct African hominin genus whose species combine different locomotor and feeding character mosaics.

A Pliocene hominin important to studies of the relationship between habitual bipedalism and retained climbing capabilities. Comparative analysis must account for age and growth. ^[ref]

An extinct African hominin genus, including Paranthropus boisei, with specialized masticatory anatomy.

An East African hominin with very large postcanine teeth and a robust feeding apparatus. dental microwear and enamel carbon-isotope evidence complicate a simple inference of habitual hard-object feeding from gross anatomy. ^[ref]

In the human-evolution usage adopted here, a member of the human lineage after its separation from Pan. Usage and formal tribal boundaries should be stated because classifications differ.

A Miocene fossil ape with a mosaic of trunk and hand characters. Its informative anatomy does not uniquely identify it as the Pan–Homo last common ancestor. ^[ref]

An African fossil ape genus including Ardipithecus ramidus, important to hypotheses about early hominin locomotion.

An approximately 4.4-million-year-old fossil hominin with an informative, incomplete skeleton. Its inferred locomotor mosaic differs from treating a living chimpanzee as an unchanged human ancestor. ^[ref]

The genus containing Homo sapiens and extinct related species.

An archaic human lineage first characterized genetically. Its contribution to some living populations illustrates a history more complex than complete replacement without interbreeding.

An extinct Eurasian human lineage known from fossils and Ancient DNA, with evidence of genetic admixture with ancestors of living people.

The living human species. Its population history includes African ancestral structure, dispersal, demographic change and genetic admixture.

The genus containing chimpanzees and bonobos, the closest living sister lineage of Homo.

The species Pan paniscus, sister to the chimpanzee within Pan. It is a living evolved lineage rather than an unchanged ancestral social model.

The species Pan troglodytes, distinguished from the bonobo. Within-species ecological and behavioural variation matters in comparative inference.

A member of Colobinae, a primate lineage with specialized foregut fermentation.