For two pure states of overlap , a quantum channel attempts to turn copies into copies. Let be the failure probability of the all-copies projector test on input . The pure-state trace distance and fidelity identity, trace-distance contraction under quantum channels, pure-target upper bound on trace distance and triangle inequality give the displayed strictly positive gap . Hence , and for positive priors , weighted Cauchy-Schwarz inequality gives . No positive state-by-state bound holds: preparing one candidate perfectly makes its own conditional failure probability zero.
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