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The Compact Muon Solenoid is a general-purpose particle detector at the Large Hadron Collider, commonly called the CMS experiment. Its superconducting solenoid surrounds central tracking and calorimeter systems; outer muon detectors work with the magnet's return structure.^[ref]

Charged-particle bending constrains momentum, while electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters measure deposited energy. Combining tracker, calorimeter and muon information identifies candidate collision products. Agreement among these measurements is more informative than any one image or signal; trigger selection and reconstruction efficiency must also be accounted for when inferring a production rate.

The Large Hadron Collider is a particle accelerator at CERN using two counter-circulating beams in a roughly 27-kilometre underground ring. It collides protons and can also operate with heavy ions. Superconducting magnets steer and focus the beams, while radiofrequency electric fields add energy along their direction of motion.^[ref]

The functional division matters: an ideal static magnetic field bends a particle's momentum without doing work, while the accelerating electric field changes its kinetic energy. ATLAS experiment and Compact Muon Solenoid surround collision points and reconstruct outgoing products; the accelerator itself supplies the incoming beams rather than measuring every final particle.