Effective gravity in a rotating frame (${\mathbf{g}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$)

Effective gravity in a uniformly rotating frame is minus the gradient of the sum of the gravitational and centrifugal potentials. A fluid surface in rotational equilibrium is an equipotential surface and is therefore normal to this effective gravity.

A liquid in rigid rotation about a vertical axis is at rest in its rotating reference frame. Constant surface pressure makes $gz-{\Omega }^2{r}^2/2$ constant along the free surface, giving the displayed paraboloid. Comparing with $z-z_0=r^2/(4f)$ gives the focal length $f$. The result assumes uniform gravitational acceleration, a vertical rotation axis and negligible surface-tension corrections. It explains how a rotating liquid can form a reflecting surface or a mould for a mirror.