A historical test of gas in the lungs, interpreted alongside decomposition, resuscitation and the whole examination. Flotation is not an infallible demonstration of live birth or drowning.
Historical medico-legal assessment of reported sexual violence. Medical observations do not independently determine consent; older resistance and virginity assumptions must be distinguished from current evidence.
Decomposition of organic material, including changes to a body after death that can complicate assessment of wound vitality.
Post-mortem pooling of blood in dependent body regions. Its appearance must be distinguished from a living response to injury.
Comparison of variable regions of DNA for identity or relatedness investigations.
An antibody-based precipitation assay used, among other applications, to investigate the species of origin of a bloodstain.
A historical chemical test producing characteristic crystals from a hemoglobin derivative. It establishes neither human origin nor the donor's identity.
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