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The Galois group of a separable polynomial acts faithfully on its roots; this action is transitive exactly when the polynomial is irreducible.

For a Finite Galois extension $E/K(T)$, take a primitive element and exclude all ramification and denominator problems. A Hilbert subset keeping its minimal polynomial irreducible has residue degree $[E:K(T)]$. The residue group is an unramified decomposition subgroup of the generic Galois group with the same order, so it is the whole group. This specializes a regular Galois realization over $K(T)$ to realizations over $K$ when $K$ is Hilbertian.

The Hilbert class field is the maximal everywhere-unramified abelian extension of a number field; its Galois group is canonically the ideal class group.

The polynomial is irreducible with discriminant $229$, so its splitting field has Galois group $S_3$ and quadratic subfield $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{229})$. The splitting field is cyclic cubic over that subfield. It is unramified outside 229, and at 229 its inertia is a transposition, meeting the alternating cubic subgroup trivially. All roots are real. It is therefore everywhere unramified over the quadratic field. The ideal class group of Q of square root 229 has order three, so this extension is exactly the Hilbert class field.

The splitting field of $T^3+T-1$ has discriminant square class $-31$ and Galois group $S_3$. It is the Hilbert class field of $K=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-31})$: the relative extension is unramified cyclic cubic, and the ideal class group of Q of square root minus thirty-one has order three. Locally at $31$, the simple residue root $28$ lifts and the remaining quadratic splits over ${\mathbb{Q}}_{31}(\sqrt{-31})$, so the prime of $K$ above $31$ splits completely in its Hilbert class field. The inverse generator satisfies $T^3-T^2-1=0$.

The three reduced primitive binary quadratic forms of discriminant $-23$ are $(1,1,6)$ and $(2,\pm 1,3)$, so the class number is three. The displayed cubic has discriminant $-23$ and is irreducible. Its splitting field has Galois group $S_3$ and is cyclic cubic over $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-23})$. Modulo $23$ it factors as $(X-10{)}^2(X-3)$. Lift the simple factor; the remaining quadratic has discriminant valuation one, so its local inertia group has order two. Its intersection with $A_3$ is trivial. Thus the relative cyclic cubic extension is everywhere unramified and equals the Hilbert class field.

The inertia group of a finite Galois extension of local fields is the kernel of the action of its Galois group on the residue field. In lower numbering it is the zeroth ramification group $G_0$.

The inverse Galois problem asks which finite groups occur as Galois groups over a given field, with the classical problem taking the base field to be $\mathbb{Q}$. A regular realization over $K(T)$ and Galois-preserving Hilbert specialization solve an instance over a Hilbertian field. Realization over an algebraically closed constant field's rational function field alone does not supply descent to $\mathbb{Q}$.

Choose a topological generator $\gamma$ of the Galois group of a Zp-extension and set $T=\gamma -1$. The completed group algebra becomes the formal power series ring ${\mathbb{Z}}_p[[T]]$, a two-dimensional complete regular local integral domain with maximal ideal $(p,T)$. Its finite-layer quotient is $\Lambda /((1+T{)}^{p^n}-1)\cong {\mathbb{Z}}_p[\Gamma /{\Gamma }^{p^n}]$.

Iwasawa theory studies arithmetic objects in infinite towers of number fields, often Zp-extensions. Passing to inverse limits turns growing ideal class groups, unit groups and Galois groups into modules over an Iwasawa algebra. Their algebraic ranks and characteristic ideals organize the growth and relate it to p-adic L-functions.

For irreducible $X^4+b{X}^2+c\in \mathbb{Q}[X]$, the Galois group is $C_2\times C_2$ exactly when $c$ is a square in $\mathbb{Q}$. In the transitive Klein-four action on the roots $\alpha ,-\alpha ,\beta ,-\beta$, all three nonidentity double transpositions fix $\alpha \beta =\sqrt{c}$, forcing it into the fixed field $\mathbb{Q}$.

Over a field containing ${\mathbb{F}}_q$, a sum of $q$-power monomials is ${\mathbb{F}}_q$-linear. If its leading coefficient and linear coefficient are nonzero, its root space has exactly $q^d$ elements and dimension $d$ over ${\mathbb{F}}_q$. Automorphisms of its splitting field act faithfully and linearly on that root space, embedding the Galois group in $GL(d,q)$.

Local class field theory describes the abelian extensions of a local field $K$ through its multiplicative group $K^{\times }$.

With the arithmetic Frobenius normalization, a chosen uniformizer $\pi$ and Lubin–Tate formal group give these actions on the Lubin–Tate tower and the maximal unramified extension. The two fields are linearly disjoint and their compositum is the maximal abelian extension. The inverse on units is essential: using geometric Frobenius would invert the entire Local Artin map. The finite kernels on a compositum of residue degree $d$ and torsion level $r$ are ${\pi }^{d\mathbb{Z}}(1+{\pi }^r{\mathcal{O}}_K)$. They are a basis of finite-index open subgroups, yielding the profinite completion of $K^{\times }$ as the abelian Galois group.

Choose compatible primitive Lubin–Tate torsion points with $[\pi ]{\lambda }_{n+1}={\lambda }_n$. Restriction of the Lubin–Tate Galois action on primitive torsion is reduction of unit classes modulo ${\pi }^n$. The inverse limit givesas topological groups. This describes the Galois group without invoking local reciprocity.

The maximal unramified extension $K^{\mathrm{nr}}$ is the union of all finite unramified extensions of a non-Archimedean local field $K$. Its Galois group is canonically $\hat{\mathbb{Z}}$, generated topologically by Frobenius.

A field extension obtained by adjoining finitely many square roots in characteristic different from two. If the classes of $a_1,\dots ,a_r$ are independent in $K^{\times }/(K^{\times }{)}^2$, the extension has degree $2^r$ and Galois group $(\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}{)}^r$: each square root's sign can be changed independently. The products of distinct square roots form a basis over $K$.

At a good split prime, the one-prime CM division tower has a pro-$p$ Galois group isomorphic to ${\mathbb{Z}}_p$. Its prime-ramified Iwasawa module is torsion on each finite-character component. The main conjecture identifies its characteristic ideal with the corresponding elliptic-unit p-adic L-function. The class-field unit sequence and equality of characteristic ideals of global-units modulo elliptic-units and of class groups prove the identification. The cyclotomic Selmer formulation requires the appropriate CM twist and two-variable specialization; the one-prime tower is not the cyclotomic tower.

For $K=\mathbb{Q}(\zeta )$, every Galois automorphism sends the primitive root $\zeta$ to another primitive $m$th root of unity, uniquely ${\zeta }^a$ for $a\in (\mathbb{Z}/m\mathbb{Z}{)}^{\times }$. The Cyclotomic character of a finite cyclotomic extension isIf ${\chi }_m(\sigma )=a$ and ${\chi }_m(\tau )=b$, then $(\sigma \tau )(\zeta )=\sigma ({\zeta }^b)={\zeta }^{ab}$, proving the group homomorphism property. Its kernel is trivial: an automorphism fixing $\zeta$ fixes the field it generates. Thus the character is injective. Here its domain is the finite cyclotomic Galois group; the corresponding map from an absolute Galois group need not be injective.