Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2002 iii Paper 19 3 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Let be an oriented Seifert surface of genus for , and choose a basis of . Push a representative curve slightly in the positive normal direction to obtain . The Seifert matrix in our row convention isThe difference is the intersection form of F, up to the convention for its orientation; in a symplectic basis it is a direct sum of unimodular two-by-two skew blocks.
Write for the knot exterior. Linking number with K gives the epimorphism sending a positive meridian to one. Let be the associated infinite cyclic cover, with deck transformation t. The Alexander module of a knot is , regarded as a module over the Laurent polynomial ring . Its order, the greatest common divisor of the maximal presentation minors, is the Alexander polynomial of a knot, defined up to . Equivalently these minors generate its zeroth Fitting ideal; we will obtain a square presentation, so its determinant gives the order. No assertion that is a principal ideal domain is needed.
Here is the Seifert-matrix presentation of the Alexander module with its topological justification. Cut X along F, obtaining a connected manifold Y with two boundary copies and . Up to collars this is the complement of a thickening of F in . Alexander duality gives and the perfect linking pairing with . Choose generators satisfying . This homology statement does not require Y to be a handlebody. The two inclusions satisfyIndeed the first coefficients are the defining positive linking numbers; for the second, moving the two curves to opposite sides and using symmetry of linking gives .
Stack copies of Y, identifying the positive copy of F in one layer with the negative copy in the next. This is . The Mayer–Vietoris sequence, with all translates collected into Laurent modules, containsThe last map is injective because is an integral domain. Thus the entire Alexander module is presented by the row relations (transpose the matrix if using column vectors). At its determinant is , so the determinant is nonzero and the module is a torsion module. Consequentlywhere denotes equality up to a Laurent unit. The second conclusion follows because a determinant of size with entries linear in t has breadth at most ; minimize over Seifert surfaces.
For the displayed diagram, start on the outer lower arc near the lower left undercrossing and follow the arc through the lower outer loop toward the upper right undercrossing. Number successive undercrossings , and let label the incoming arc at crossing . Reading the overpassing arcs and the conjugation exponents in a consistent meridian convention givesThus the Wirtinger presentation relations are , with indices modulo ten. Their Fox derivatives after abelianization give row relationsDelete the redundant last relation and the last column, setting . This is a nine-generator presentation of the Alexander module. The cofactor determinant is ; here is a smaller elimination check. Retain . Seven relations solve the other generators asThe two remaining rows, at undercrossings two and seven, are the matrixIts determinant is , differing from the original cofactor only by a Laurent unit. ConsequentlyThe factor has value one at and is reciprocal, as required. Its Conway-normalized Alexander polynomial is , and its knot determinant is three.
For the genus upper bound, the over/under Gauss code from the same traversal isNumber these visits . The oriented smoothing permutation of a Gauss code has cyclesThere are seven Seifert circles, so the Seifert algorithm gives ten bands and seven disks: , hence . The Alexander breadth bound on Seifert genus supplies the matching lower bound from breadth four. Therefore .
Modulo two, the primitive Alexander polynomial becomes . It has neither zero nor one as a root, and it is not , the only possible product of irreducible monic quadratics over . It is therefore irreducible over , hence over and by Gauss lemma for polynomials. The full-degree irreducible Alexander polynomial implies a prime knot criterion now applies, since its breadth is exactly twice the genus. Thus the knot is prime. The full-degree condition is needed to rule out a nontrivial summand with unit Alexander polynomial.
To test reflection, calculate the Jones polynomial from the same crossing data. The diagram has nine positive crossings and one negative crossing, so its writhe of a link diagram is eight. Enumerate the bracket smoothing states, join their smoothed ends, and weight each state by . Correct by and put . This givesAs checks, and . The Jones polynomial of a mirror is , which differs from this polynomial. Therefore the knot is not equivalent to its reflection. Reversing all crossing conventions reciprocates the displayed Jones polynomial and leaves the conclusion unchanged.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2012 iii Paper 16 2 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-07
Number the seven crossings from top to bottom. Orient the strand entering the top-left arch downward. With the usual positive braid crossing convention, the crossing signs areTo make the diagram calculation reproducible, its oriented Gauss code isSubscripts record overpassing and underpassing. In this convention a positive trefoil knot has knot signature .
Label the seven Wirtinger generators successively between undercrossings, beginning just before the encounter . The Alexander matrix, with rows ordered by crossing number, isAt a positive crossing the Fox derivative entries at the overpassing, incoming and outgoing arcs are ; at a negative crossing a unit multiple of the row has entries . Deleting the last row and column gives determinant . Hence a symmetric normalization of the Alexander polynomial of a knot isIn particular, in this displayed normalization; multiplying by gives normalization and does not change any conclusion.
The Seifert algorithm produces four Seifert circles and seven bands. Its connected Seifert surface has Euler characteristic , and so genus . Conversely, the Alexander breadth bound on Seifert genus gives . ThereforeFor the knot signature, use the alternating diagram signature formula: for a reduced alternating knot diagram,where counts circles in the all- bracket smoothing and counts positive crossings. Here the all- smoothing has four circles, the all- smoothing has five, and . ThusThe opposite global knot signature convention gives instead.
For the slice genus, the Levine-Tristram signature bound on the slice genus at gives . There is also an explicit unknotting crossing: switch crossing . A type III Reidemeister move across the triangle formed by crossings makes crossing a removable kink. Next cancel pairs and by type II Reidemeister moves; crossings and then become removable kinks. This leaves the unknot. One crossing change gives a genus-one knot cobordism to the unknot: its movie consists of two oriented band moves, and capping the final unknot by a disk in gives a surface of genus one. Consequently
