Gretchen Williams coauthored the 1971 investigation with Judah Folkman, Ezio Merler and Charles Abernathy that isolated angiogenic activity from tumours.[ref]
Isolation of a Tumor Factor Responsible for Angiogenesis by Judah Folkman and others. Byline, Abstract and printed p.275
The collaboration helped turn tumour angiogenesis into an experimentally testable interaction between tumours and surrounding blood vessels.The important distinction is between growth of a tumour's own cells and growth of host endothelial cells. A substance released by one population can change the behaviour of the other. Thus a vascular response outside an implanted tumour cannot be interpreted simply as movement of the implanted cells.
An original measurement example illustrates the distinction. Suppose a marked tissue region initially contains 20 vessel branch points, and later contains 32. The increase is , or 60 percent of the initial count. That observation alone does not give a cell proliferation rate: vessel branching, length and endothelial cell number are different measurements. It also does not establish effective perfusion. A convincing experiment therefore defines its vascular readout and compares it with a matched negative control. These numbers illustrate the reasoning, not the paper's data.
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