Hawking radiation is the approximately thermal flux seen at future infinity when outgoing quantum-field modes are traced backward through a collapsing black-hole geometry. The exponential near-horizon redshift produces nonzero Bogoliubov beta coefficients at temperature .
The black hole information paradox is the apparent conflict between unitary quantum evolution and the semiclassical prediction that complete black-hole evaporation leaves only thermal Hawking radiation. A resolution must explain how information is preserved or why one of the assumptions behind the conflict fails.
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Hawking radiation is a theoretical prediction made by physicist Stephen Hawking in 1974. It refers to the radiation that is emitted by black holes due to quantum effects near the event horizon. According to quantum mechanics, empty space is not truly empty but is rather filled with virtual particles that are continually popping in and out of existence. Near the event horizon of a black hole, it is thought that these virtual particle pairs can be separated.