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Topological defect

{title2=$\pi_0:\text{walls},\ \pi_1:\text{strings},\ \pi_2:\text{monopoles}$}

Disconnected vacuum components support walls, noncontractible vacuum loops support line defects, and nontrivial vacuum two-spheres support monopoles in three spatial dimensions. Allowed <topology> does not alone predict the number formed or their subsequent survival.

Homotopy classification of cosmological defects

Past exam of the particle Astrophysics course of the University of Cambridge / 2015 / Paper 1 / 3 / a / Solution

Past exam of the particle Astrophysics course of the University of Cambridge / 2016 / Paper 1 / 3 / c / Solution

Homotopy classification of cosmological defects ( $π_{0} : walls, π_{1} : strings, π_{2} : monopoles$ )

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Homotopy classification of cosmological defects (π0​:walls, π1​:strings, π2​:monopoles)

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Homotopy classification of cosmological defects ( $π_{0} : walls, π_{1} : strings, π_{2} : monopoles$ )

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