Hydration of ions is solvation by water. The polar water molecules orient preferentially around cations and anions, though the surrounding arrangement fluctuates rather than forming a permanently fixed cage.[ref]
The enthalpy change on transferring a specified gas-phase ion to the specified aqueous standard state. Charge density strongly affects the stabilization; single-ion values require a consistent convention.

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  1. Solvation
  2. Solubility
  3. Physical properties of salts
  4. Ionic bonding
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