A framework combining an actor’s effects on its own reproduction with effects on others, weighted by appropriate genetic relatedness and reproductive values. Coefficients and marginal effects depend on the model and population structure.
Selection associated with the indirect reproductive consequences of actions affecting genetically associated recipients. It can favour cooperation without removing all evolutionary conflicts among relatives.
Competition among a restricted set of neighbours or relatives. Benefits to related recipients can be offset when those recipients compete for the same limited breeding opportunities.

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  1. Natural selection
  2. Evolution
  3. Biology
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