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For positive integer indices, distinct members are orthogonal and each has nonzero squared norm $\pi$. Thus $\{\sin (nx):n\ge 1\}$ is an orthogonal basis in the Hilbert space of odd L2 functions on $(-\pi ,\pi )$. The zero-index member must be omitted. More precisely this is a complete Fourier sine basis, with generally infinite L2 norm convergence, rather than a Hamel basis with finite linear combinations. A claim about arbitrary real functions requires suitable integrability and a specified sense of convergence.

Substitute the proposed Fourier sine series into the heat equation:Projecting onto each sine using orthogonality gives $T_n^{\prime }=-D{k}_n^2{T}_n$ for every mode with $b_n\ne 0$. The initial condition fixes $T_n(0)=1$, since $b_n$ already describes the initial amplitude. HenceFor a mode with $b_n=0$, the value of $T_n$ is immaterial and the same convention is convenient. The positive thermal diffusivity $D$ damps every mode, with higher frequencies decaying faster. For square-integrable initial data the damping justifies termwise differentiation for $t>0$ and recovery of the initial data in L2 norm convergence as $t\downarrow 0$.

The left panel illustrates the Fourier series in part (b). The right panel is a self-generated example with $D=L=1$ and ${\Theta }_0(x)=\sin (\pi x)+\frac{1}{2}\sin (3\pi x)$, showing the two normal modes decaying at rates ${\pi }^2$ and $9{\pi }^2$.

A Fourier sine series automatically meets the zero-temperature boundary conditions because $\sin 0=\sin (n\pi )=0$. Equivalently, extend ${\Theta }_0$ oddly from $(0,L)$ to $(-L,L)$ and then periodically with period $2L$. Its Fourier series has only sine terms, withThe coefficient formula follows from the orthogonality identityFor piecewise smooth initial data the series equals ${\Theta }_0$ at interior continuity points and the average of its one-sided values at interior jumps. More general square-integrable data have convergence in L2 norm convergence. A classical solution continuous at the initial corners additionally requires ${\Theta }_0(0)={\Theta }_0(L)=0$, in agreement with the prescribed boundary conditions.