Newtonian till lubrication (${\tau }_b=\lambda \mu u/l$)

A thin layer of subglacial till idealized as a Newtonian fluid of dynamic viscosity $\lambda \mu$ and thickness $l$ undergoes Couette flow between stationary bedrock and ice moving at speed $u$. Its resisting basal shear stress has magnitude ${\tau }_b=\lambda \mu u/l$ and acts opposite to the sliding motion. Combining this drag with the hydrostatic driving force gives the bulk approximation used in the friction-dominated grounding-line evolution law.