Objective aperture

An objective aperture selects outgoing Electron directions in the objective lens's back focal plane. Passing the central transmitted beam gives bright-field transmission electron microscopy; selecting a separated diffracted beam gives dark-field transmission electron microscopy.^[ref]

In a paraxial approximation, an outgoing angle $\theta$ maps approximately to position $r=f\theta$ in this focal plane, where $f$ is the objective focal length. A centred opening of radius $a$ therefore admits $|\theta |\lesssim a/f$. Selecting a direction selects a component of the outgoing wavefunction; the subsequent image still assigns intensity to specimen positions. The opening is not a hole cut into a real-space specimen image. Its angular selection must be distinguished from selecting a specimen region for electron diffraction.

Bright-field transmission electron microscopy selects the central transmitted beam; deflection into excluded electron diffraction beams can make a region dark.^[ref]

Dark-field transmission electron microscopy selects a diffracted beam while excluding the central beam. Regions contributing to that selected electron diffraction beam can appear bright.^[ref]