Past exam of the algebra, analysis and differential equations 1 course of the University of Oxford / 2012 / 1 / c

For a linear functional $\lambda \in V^{\prime }$, the definition of the dual map givesThus the kernel of a linear map is precisely the annihilator of a vector subspaceWrite $n=\dim U$, $m=\dim V$ and $r=\dim \mathrm{im}T$. The rank-nullity theorem, the dimension formula for an annihilator of a vector subspace, and $\dim V^{\prime }=m$ giveApplying the same dimension formula in $U$ givesFinally, if $\alpha =T^{\prime }\lambda$ and $u\in \ker T$, then $\alpha (u)=\lambda (Tu)=\lambda (0)=0$. Therefore $\mathrm{im}{T}^{\prime }\subseteq (\ker T{)}^0$. These are finite-dimensional vector subspaces of equal dimension, so inclusion is equality:This is the dual image and kernel annihilator identity.