Past exam of the condensed matter physics course of the University of Oxford / 2012 / 3 / a

Assume thermal equilibrium, nondegenerate carriers, and isotropic parabolic band dispersions, with the supplied effective masses interpreted as density-of-states masses. Take one effective valley with two electron spin states for each band; any additional valley multiplicity must instead be absorbed into the masses or explicit degeneracy factors.

Let the conduction band edge be $E_c$, the valence band edge $E_v$, and $E_g=E_c-E_v$. The spin-summed conduction density of states per volume isUsing the nondegenerate limit of the Fermi-Dirac distribution and the substitution $x=(E-E_c)/(k_{B}T)$ givesThe factor $\sqrt{\pi }/2$ in the supplied integral produces the normalization. Counting missing valence band electrons similarly givesMultiplication cancels the chemical potential, establishing the semiconductor mass-action law:The result does not require an intrinsic semiconductor: semiconductor doping changes $n$ and $p$ separately while preserving this product under the stated equilibrium and nondegeneracy assumptions.