Past exam of the fluids and waves course of the University of Oxford / 2023 / 3 / b / iii

Linearize about the resting state $\eta =0$, $\varphi =0$. Introduce a dimensionless small parameter $ϵ$ and writeholding the depth, bending stiffness and variation scales fixed. Thus both boundary displacement and induced velocity are small. For any first-order derivative $D\varphi$, a Taylor expansion at the moving surface givesThe displacement correction to the leading field is ${ϵ}^2{\eta }_1{\partial }_z(D{\varphi }_1)(x,0,t)$, so evaluating it on $z=0$ changes it only at second order. Also ${\varphi }_x{\eta }_x=O({ϵ}^2)$ and $|\nabla \varphi {|}^2=O({ϵ}^2)$. The first-order kinematic boundary condition and dynamic boundary condition are thereforeDropping the subscript, the linearized boundary condition pair isThe fixed-bed condition remains ${\varphi }_z(x,-h,t)=0$. The source's shorthand $|\eta |\ll 1$ requires a length scale: for the subsequent plane wave, small surface slope $k|\alpha |\ll 1$ and displacement small compared with depth are sufficient conditions. Small height alone, with arbitrarily rapid spatial variation or a finite background disturbance, does not justify discarding the products.