Use mode locking to phase-lock many longitudinal cavity modes; their repeated constructive interference produces short optical pulses. A saturable absorber can select this pulsed operation. A fundamental repetition rate corresponds to a round trip, or an optical round-trip length ; a linear air-filled cavity would therefore be about long. A compact alternative is a faster mode-locked oscillator followed by pulse selection and, if required, amplification. Ordinary Q-switching alone generally does not provide pulses.[ref]
Fundamentals of Photonics and Quantum Electronics lecture notes by Franz X. Kärtner. Chapter 7, mode locking: phase-related resonator modes and ultrashort pulses
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