Write and . Keeping terms linear in the perturbations givesEquivalently,The characteristic exponents areConsequently the above-threshold steady state has damped oscillations precisely whenTheir ordinary frequency isThe approximation neglects the damping correction when . The exponential envelope decays on time . The doped-volume fraction cancels out of this linear frequency once the pump is expressed through . [ref]
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-974-fundamentals-of-photonics-quantum-electronics-spring-2006/18f30fad63a62ef4dd894d3752b55a60_chapter7.pdf. MIT 6.974, Chapter 7, laser dynamics and relaxation oscillations
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