Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2004 / iii / Paper 53 / 3 / 2

Subtract the two density operators. The difference is Hermitian with zero diagonal and off-diagonal entry $\alpha \overline{\beta }(1-\overline{c})$. A matrix $\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& a\\ \overline{a}& 0\end{array}\right)$ has eigenvalues $\pm |a|$, because its square is $|a{|}^{2}I$. Its two singular values are therefore both $|a|$. By the definition of the trace norm,For the intended real-overlap phase-flip channel, $1-c=2p$, givingThis vanishes for a computational basis state, since a phase flip then changes only an unobservable global phase. Its largest value at fixed $p$ is $p$, attained when $|\alpha |=|\beta |=1/\sqrt{2}$. The general formula remains correct even when the probabilistic premise of part 1 fails.